https://data.nhm.ac.uk/catalog.ttl
type: PagedCollection
items per page: 100
last page: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/catalog.ttl
next page: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/catalog.ttl
total items: 287

Global Asteroidea Occurrence Data
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Hugh F Carter; Guadalupe Bribiesca-Contreras; Suzanne T Williams
issued: 2025-05-21T14:20:43.720004
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-05-21T14:21:25.732944
description: This is a dataset to accompany a paper to Nature Ecology and Evolution: Carter, Hugh. F; Bribiesca-Contreras, G; Williams, Suzanne T. 2025. Deep seafloor diversity in Asteroidea is shaped by competing processes across different latitudes and oceans. The dataset consists of a manually curated set of occurrence records for 1751 species of Asteroidea (Echinodermata). Fields presented are: Order, Family, Genus, Species, Subspecies, Latitude, Longitude, Minimum Depth, Maximum Depth and Reference (for Manually added specimens only). The full geographic validation and cleaning process is laid out in the methods of the paper attached to this dataset. These data were used to generate spatial patterns of Asteroidea species richness across the global oceans. Most data were compiled from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF ) or the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS). An additional set of occurrence records were compiled from literature sources and collection specimens at the Natural History Museum (London) and a reference is provided for these records.
keyword: biogeography
keyword: echinodermata
landing page: Global Asteroidea Occurrence Dataset.csv
theme: Research

Linnaeus's Butterfly Type Specimens
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Martin Honey; Malcolm J Scoble
issued: 2020-08-04T12:35:59.039897
license: cc-by
modified: 2023-11-16T13:01:07.159266
contact point: Natural History Museum
description: ## Introduction This image database is intended primarily for taxonomists and other researchers, but the historical importance of the specimens portrayed is such that we hope they will attract a broader audience. The database contains images of the butterfly specimens upon which Linnaeus based his descriptions. Linnaeus described 305 taxa under the name _Papilio_. Of these, 241 refer to currently valid butterfly species names and two to subspecies. This site has been developed as an adjunct to a paper published on Linnaeus's butterflies, and makes images of type specimens and their labels available. Details of the publication are as follows: Linnaeus's butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). _Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society_, 2001, **132**: 277-399, by [Martin R. Honey](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/contact-enquiries/forms/emailform.jsp?recip=m.honey&business_title=M.Honey&email_title=Linnaean+Type+Specimens+website+enquiry) and [Malcolm J. Scoble](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/contact-enquiries/forms/emailform.jsp?recip=m.scoble&business_title=M.Scoble&email_title=Linnaean+Type+Specimens+website+enquiry). ## Sources of specimens The specimens on which Linnaeus based his descriptions are housed in several institutions. Most were found either in his personal collection, now in the Linnean Society of London, or in that of Queen Ludovica Ulrica, now in the Zoological Museum of the University of Uppsala, Sweden. Further material was examined from the collections of Carl Clerck and Charles De Geer, both housed in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, and from the material of James Petiver, which forms part of the collection of Sir Hans Sloane, in the Natural History Museum, London. ## About the project The project was carried out at the Natural History Museum, London, in association with [The Linnean Society of London](https://www.linnean.org/), and was supported by a grant from [The Leverhulme Trust](https://www.leverhulme.ac.uk/). It…
landing page: Linnean Butterfly Types
theme: Research

Ipomoea tiliacea (Wild.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) seeds stranded on the south-west coast of Ireland (H1)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Dan Minchin; Claire Griffin; Mark Carine
issued: 2024-05-05T21:35:46.036515
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-10-14T17:35:37.273341
description: Alignment of 399bp fragment of the nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer region comprising 132 samples of the Ipomoea batatas group, used by Minchin, Griffin and Carine to investigate the identity of three Ipomoea specimens grown from seeds stranded on the south-west coast of Ireland. See: Minchin, Griffin and Carine (submitted) Ipomoea tiliacea (Wild.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) seeds stranded on the south-west coast of Ireland (H1). British and Irish Botany
keyword: ipomoea
keyword: its region
keyword: seeds
keyword: stranded
landing page: Minchin et al (2024) British and Irish Botany ITS alignment.txt
theme: Research

Ray Bate Collection of mainly Cretaceous ostracods from West Africa
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller; Jamie Rolt
issued: 2024-03-25T13:27:56.353564
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2024-03-25T13:35:40.607209
description: The dataset describes a named taxonomic reference collection of 311 slides of individual specimens as well as a listing of related assemblage slides covering 4 slide cabinets. Data has been enhanced by reference to various hard copy reports and logging sheets detailing the contents and stratigraphic metadata from the area.
keyword: cretaceous
keyword: east africa
keyword: ostracoda
keyword: taxonomic reference collection
landing page: Ray_Bate_ostracods_WAfrica.xlsx
theme: Collections

The Biodiversity Intactness Index - country, region and global-level summaries for the year 1970 to 2050 under various scenarios
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Helen Phillips; Adriana De Palma; Ricardo E Gonzalez; Sara Contu; Samantha L L Hill; Andrés Baselga; Luca Borger; Andy Purvis
issued: 2021-10-04T09:50:44.964281
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
modified: 2026-01-26T16:49:41.992323
temporal: 1970-2050
description: Using the PREDICTS database of local biodiversity measures at thousands of sites around the world, we statistically modelled how total abundance of organisms and compositional similarity responded to land use and related pressures. We combined these models with spatio-temporal projections of explanatory variables (at 0.25 degrees spatial resolution) from the year 1970 to 2050 under five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) to project the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII). Mean BII (weighted by cell area) was calculated at the country, subregion, interregion and global level. We used cross-validation (leaving one biome out in turn) to produce decadal upper and lower uncertainty margins for 1970-2050. These summary data were uploaded to the Natural History Museum's Biodiversity Trends Explorer on 2021-10-27. We have also provided mean values of some of the pressures, as changes in these contribute to changes in BII. Please note that this data product is deprecated. Please see here for the latest public release of the Biodiversity Intactness Index: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/bii-developed-by-nhm-v2-1-1-limited-release
landing page: long_data.csv
landing page: area_code.json
landing page: area_code_hier.json
landing page: long_data.rds
theme: Research

John Whittaker's collection of micropalaeontological slides from his archaeological studies
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Robin Whittaker; Ergian Musto
issued: 2025-08-04T14:06:13.854063
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
modified: 2025-08-04T14:07:40.491687
temporal: 1990-2022
description: This is a listing of all of the unregistered slides from John Whittaker's work on Archaeological Sites from the UK. Each row represents an assemblage slide of mixed micropalaeontological materials (mainly Foraminifera and Ostracoda) from work done towards the end of his career at the NHM and during his retirement.
keyword: assemblage slides
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: micropalaeontology
keyword: ostracoda
landing page: JW_Office_Cabinets_Archaeology_slides.xlsx
theme: Collections

The Herbarium of John Ray FRS (1627 – 1705)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Debra Turner; Fred Rumsey; Mark Carine
issued: 2025-03-18T11:33:27.906106
license: cc-by
modified: 2026-01-05T16:57:01.600619
description: John Ray F.R.S. (1627-1705) was the leading English naturalist of the 17th century. The son of a blacksmith, born in Black Notley in Essex, Ray was educated at Trinity College Cambridge, where he would also become a Fellow. Ray took holy orders in 1660 but subsequently resigned in 1662, unable to conform to the requirements of the Act of Uniformity. After leaving Cambridge, Ray travelled extensively, both through Britain and Europe, with his former student, friend and later patron, Francis Willughby. He made botanical collections during those travels. The bulk of the specimens in Ray’s herbarium are European, or from cultivation, collected during Ray’s European travels between 1663 and 1665 (Trimen, 1870), described by Ray in his Observations in the Low Countries (1673). There are, additionally, a number of specimens from England that Trimen suggests were probably collected during travels in 1667 and 1668. The plants gathered on his British tours were described in his Catalogus plantarum Angliae (1670). Ray's specimens were also used for his Methodus plantarum nova (1682) and the Historia generalis plantarum which he published in three volumes in 1686, 1688 and 1704. As Trimen (1870) noted, Ray’s botanical specimens are therefore of particular value in determining the identity of plants described in his publications. Ray’s herbarium comprises 523 sheets arranged in 20 lettered fascicles (A-Y but with no I, P, U, V or X) and with each fascicle comprising between 9 and 44 numbered sheets (although there are two sheets labelled F16, with the second distinguished by an asterisk, and one sheet in fascicle R is unnumbered). The sheets typically contain multiple specimens that are stitched to the paper on which they are mounted and that are labelled in the hand of Ray (or, possibly, Dale). The sheets were subsequently remounted after their transfer to BM. Typically, the original sheet is mounted onto the larger sheet but this is not always the case and in some instances on…
keyword: herbarium
keyword: pre-linnean
landing page: Dale Catalogue to the Ray Herbarium
landing page: John Ray Herbarium sheets
theme: Collections

John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Glory Turnbull; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Leo Le Good; Roisin Mackie; Skye Neal; Kathryn Royce Schronk; Larissa Welton; Peter Wing; Hillery Warner; Chiho Ikebe; Geoff Martin; Robyn Crowther
issued: 2025-07-18T14:21:57.374563
license: cc-zero
modified: 2025-07-18T14:48:53.729423
temporal: 1950 to present
description: The John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection comprises the records of all the pinned material donated by John Chainey to the Lepidoptera Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (July 2025). The John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection was digitised to improve access and support research into British and Irish Lepidoptera Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing a dorsal view of the specimen and its associated labels, creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) taxon information, and location in the collection. The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link.
keyword: digital collections
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: lepidoptera
keyword: pinned insects
landing page: John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection Specimens
theme: Collections

Catalysts for change: museum gardens in a planetary emergency
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Sandra Knapp; Chris Dixon; John Hunnex
issued: 2025-07-31T09:55:56.455100
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-07-31T10:37:36.367974
description: A csv file containing collector and identification records for herbarium specimens found that have been collected in the Museum grounds. Dates range from 1865 to 2022. As the Natural History Museum herbarium (BM) is imaged and digitised we are likely to find more collections, particularly from the early 20th century. Current plant records in the gardens are observational only and can be found in the resources mentioned in the text. More specimens will be available as we encounter them via the search function on the NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/).
keyword: botany
keyword: museum gardens
landing page: Museum grounds specimens
theme: Collections

Thysanoptera Slide Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Larissa Welton; Louise Berridge; Joseph Deane; Daniel Hall; Abbie Herdman; Katharine Holub-Swindell; Michael Jardine; Phaedra Kokkini; Leo Le Good; Nicola Lowndes; Ashleigh Whittaker; Paul Andrew Brown; Peter Wing; Marla Spencer; Chiho Ikebe
issued: 2022-09-12T09:38:09.280278
license: cc-zero
modified: 2023-05-22T08:52:49.930763
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Thysanoptera collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted Thysanoptera material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of the project completion (April 2022). This includes the main collection and discrete collections of [Richard Siddoway Bagnall](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7329042) and [Laurence Mound](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21045173). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status, country level collection locality. Additional images were taken to capture any information on the reverse of the slides and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: bagnall
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: entomology
keyword: microscope slides
keyword: mound
keyword: thrips
keyword: thysanoptera
landing page: Thysanoptera Slide Collection specimens
theme: Collections

Ocean Bottom Deposits Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
contributor: Epi Vaccaro Dave Smith Henry Buckley
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller
issued: 2018-09-10T13:39:00.812201
license: License not specified
modified: 2024-09-24T13:35:16.375263
temporal: 1844-2009
description: The Ocean Bottom Deposits Collection contains over 28,000 items derived from sea floor sediment collections. These include sediment residues in tubes/bottles/jars, hand specimens and slides. This dataset is a Darwin Core export of specimen records available individually on the Data Portal with some additional information.
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: minerals
keyword: ocean sediments
landing page: Ocean_Bottom_Deposits_updated_24Sep24.csv
theme: Collections

The State of the World's Seaweeds 2025
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Sophie Corrigan; Elizabeth J, Cottier-Cook; Phaik Eem Lim; Juliet Brodie
issued: 2025-05-02T10:18:47.073568
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-05-02T10:20:44.198402
description: The oceans are experiencing extraordinary human-induced threats from global climate change, overfishing, pollution and an increase in invasive non-native species. Seaweeds create the largest vegetated marine habitats on the planet, which underpin global marine function but are threatened by the impacts of environmental change. Despite the importance of seaweeds, and the threats they face, they are afforded inadequate conservation measures, a major gap which urgently needs to be addressed. The state of the world’s seaweeds has come about as a result of this need. It provides the evidence-base which will inform a ‘Seaweed Breakthrough’, a potentially powerful means of protecting seaweeds and seaweed habitats through the UNFCCC High Level Climate Champion 2030 Breakthrough Agenda. Through setting global targets to halt habitat loss, protect and restore habitats and secure sustainable investment, Breakthroughs falling under the overarching goal for Marine Conservation aim to achieve significant change to reach a resilient, zero carbon future by 2030 across every sector of the global economy. We have compiled an up-to-date overview on the state of the world’s seaweeds. Through a series of chapters covering information on seaweed distribution, habitats, ecosystem services, as well as how they are threatened, protected and restored, we have identified knowledge gaps and drafted ambitious high-level targets that will form the basis of expert-led workshops to support the Seaweed Breakthrough. This review demonstrates how important seaweeds and their habitats are in the functioning of marine ecosystems, global fisheries, food security, valuable materials for industrial and pharmaceutical uses and, therefore, livelihoods. It documents what is known. For example, we now have quantitative evidence for the severity of losses and degradation that kelp forests are suffering in many regions around the world. Less is known about most other seaweed habitats, as they have received far …
keyword: algae
keyword: biodiversity
keyword: conservation
keyword: ecosystem services
keyword: protection
keyword: restoration
keyword: seaweeds
keyword: taxonomy
landing page: State-of-the-Worlds-Seaweeds_2025.pdf
theme: Research

Sex biases and the scarcity of sex metadata in global herpetology collections
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Tara Wainwright; Morwenna Trevenna; Sarah R. Alewijnse; Patrick Campbell; Marc Jones; Natalie Cooper
issued: 2022-11-18T16:21:14.705689
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-07-02T12:26:54.102790
description: Data from paper: **Sex biases and the scarcity of sex metadata in global herpetology collections**. https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/142/3/308/7287291. > Tara Wainwright, Morwenna Trevenna, Sarah R. Alewijnse, Patrick D. Campbell, Marc E.H. Jones, Jeff W. Streicher & Natalie Cooper. 2024. Sex biases and the scarcity of sex metadata in global herpetology collections. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 142, 308-318. DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blad129. The analyses require the two tidied datasets `all-specimen-data.csv` (unzipped) and `all-extra-data.csv`. Raw data sources used to build these are listed in the metadata. More details can be found at https://github.com/nhcooper123/sex-bias-herps.
keyword: amphibians
keyword: reptiles
keyword: sex bias
keyword: sex metadata
landing page: gbif-reptiles-2021-04-21.txt.zip
landing page: wild-sex-ratios.csv
landing page: gbif-amphibians-2021-04-21.txt.zip
landing page: amphib_names.txt
landing page: all-specimen-data-2021-07.csv
landing page: halfwaydone.csv
landing page: reptile_checklist_2020_12.csv
landing page: body-size-herps-SA-NC-2022-02-09.csv
landing page: extra-data-unsexed-2022-07.csv
landing page: all-specimen-data-unsexed-2021-07.csv
landing page: taxa_april2021.csv
landing page: halfwaydone-unsexed.csv
landing page: reference-list.csv
landing page: extra-data-sexed-2022-04.csv
theme: Research

Marine Plastic Pollution Ingested by Flesh-Footed Shearwaters
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Joseph Razzell Hollis; Gabrielle Henderson; Jennifer Lavers; Edward Rea; Valeriya Komyakova; Alexander Bond
issued: 2023-11-20T18:35:34.060424
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2024-07-05T08:27:43.787216
temporal: 2021 - 2022
description: # Introduction This image database is intended for the analysis of physical and colorimetric properties of plastic litter consumed by fledgling seabirds, but we hope that these images will also serve to highlight the seriousness of the threat to marine wildlife posed by plastic pollution, with some fledglings having ingested more than 200 pieces of plastic. This database was made available as part of the publication of a paper describing the methodology we developed for quantitative photography of plastic pollution, in the hope that it will improve the robustness and accuracy with which plastic pollution is measured in terms of size, shape, and colour of individual fragments. Details of the publication are as follows: # About the project Each image represents the plastic (and pumice) removed from the digestive system of a single Flesh-footed shearwater (Ardenna carneipes) fledgling during fieldwork undertaken by Alexander L Bond and Jennifer L Lavers in 2021 and 2022, as part of a long-term project studying trends in plastic consumption and effects on this highly-impacted marine species. Plastics were removed from the proventriculus and the gizzard of each bird and stored separately for imaging. An X-Rite colour reference card is included in each image for the purposes of calibration and scaling. # Image Acquisition and Processing The 2021 image set was acquired using a Canon EOS 4000D DSLR at the Natural History Museum in Tring, UK by Joseph Razzell Hollis. The 2022 image set was acquired using a Canon EOS 1500D DSLR at the University of Tasmania by Gabrielle Henderson. Both image sets were processed in Adobe LightRoom to remove lens distortion, and then colour-corrected using custom Python script written by Joseph Razzell Hollis. For a full description of methods and data analysis, see Razzell Hollis et al. (2023). # Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the Tasmanian Aboriginal people as the traditional owners and first scientists of the land where this r…
keyword: anthropocene
keyword: plastics
keyword: pollution
landing page: metadata.csv
landing page: 2022 images
landing page: FTIR data 2024-07-04
landing page: 2021 images
landing page: Raman data 2024-07-04
theme: Research

Cooper Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Gavin Broad; Natalie Dale-Skey; David G. Notton
issued: 2019-09-25T16:38:51.618585
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:31:20.011890
description: The Cooper collection comprises the records of all material from the Martin Cooper acquisition (BMNH-ENT-2018-128) at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (March 2019). The Cooper collection primarily consists of Hymenoptera specimens and nests but also includs specimens from 16 other Orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Blattodea, Dermaptera, Embioptera, Mantodea, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Plecoptera, Psocoptera and Trichoptera). The Cooper collection was digitised to refine our pinned insect workflow, where the labels do not need to be removed (ALICE - Angled Label Image Capture and Extraction), and to develop protocols for entry point digitisation for acquisition material. Each specimen record has been published with six images capturing dorsal, lateral and multiple angled views of the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and type status. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: alice
keyword: blattodea
keyword: coleoptera
keyword: dermaptera
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: diptera
keyword: embioptera
keyword: hemiptera
keyword: hymenoptera
keyword: mantodea
keyword: martin cooper
keyword: mecoptera
keyword: megaloptera
keyword: neuroptera
keyword: odonata
keyword: orthoptera
keyword: phasmatodea
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: plecoptera
keyword: psocoptera
keyword: trichoptera
landing page: Cooper collection specimens
theme: Corporate

Submerged corridors of ancient gene flow in an insular caecilian amphibian
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Miranda Sherlock; Mark Wilkinson; Simon Maddock; Julia Day; Jeffrey Streicher
issued: 2024-08-29T16:14:56.288602
license: odc-by
modified: 2024-09-23T14:13:10.246615
description: Many island archipelagos sit on shallow continental shelves. During the Pleistocene, these islands were often connected as global sea levels dropped following glaciation. Given a continental shelf only 30–60 m below sea level, the terrestrial biota of the Seychelles archipelago likely dispersed amongst now isolated islands during the Pleistocene. _Hypogeophis rostratus_ is a caecilian amphibian found on ten islands in the Seychelles. Despite the seemingly limited dispersal abilities of a terrestrial, salt-intolerant, and primarily fossorial amphibian, this broad geographical distribution suggests historic dispersal across now submerged continental shelf corridors. Here, we tested for the genetic signature of these historic corridors despite thousands of generations spent isolated on different islands. Using fine-scale genomic data (ddRADseq) we found that genomic clusters often did not correspond to islands in the archipelago. Additionally, isolation-by-distance patterns were more consistent with gene flow across a continuous landscape than isolated island populations. Using effective migration surfaces and ancestral range expansion prediction we found support for contemporary populations originating near the large southern island of Mahé and dispersing to northern islands via the isolated Frégate island, with additional historic migration across the flat expanse of the Seychelles bank. Collectively, our results suggest that biogeographic patterns can retain signals from Pleistocene ‘palaeo-islands’, and that present-day islands can be thought of as hosting bottlenecks or transient refugia rather than discrete genetic units. Thus, the signatures of gene flow associated with palaeo-islands may be stronger than the isolating effects of contemporary islands in terrestrial species distributed on continental shelf islands.
keyword: gymnophiona
keyword: historic gene flow
keyword: indian ocean
keyword: island biogeography
keyword: sea level change
landing page: Range expansion analysis input (nex)
landing page: SNP data (filtered)
landing page: FineRAD structure input (prelim filtered)
landing page: EEMS input file (coord)
landing page: FineRAD structure input (filtered)
landing page: Range expansion analysis input (csv)
landing page: TreeMix input file
landing page: EEMS input file (outer)
landing page: Geographical coordinates of samples
landing page: EEMS input file (diffs)
landing page: TreeMix input file (No Praslin)
landing page: SNAPPER input file
landing page: Structure input file (filtered)
landing page: Structure input file (prelim filtered)
landing page: SNP data (prelim-filter)
theme: Research

Function and ecology of Solanum underground organs
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Edeline Gagnon; Tiina Särkinen; Sandra Knapp
issued: 2023-05-29T12:58:37.801929
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-04-16T14:15:39.470521
description: Datasets used for analyses in the publication: Gagnon E, Baldaszti L, Moonlight P, Knapp S, Lehmann C, Särkinen T (2023) Functional and ecological diversification of underground organs in _Solanum_. Frontiers in Genetics 14: 1231413, https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1231413.
keyword: adaptation
keyword: biodiversity
keyword: climate
keyword: morphology
landing page: Occurrence data for USO in Solanum (SM3)
landing page: Moisture Index Map (SM4)
theme: Research

Imperial College of London Royal School of Mines Micropalaeontological Collection
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Jonathan Whittaker
issued: 2025-08-28T21:08:24.551041
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-08-28T21:25:59.475770
description: This dataset provides a drawer level listing of the Imperial College Royal School of Mines microfossil collection of mainly Foraminifera collected by Dr David Carter. It was compiled by Jonathan Whittaker and includes information about collections from 89 different countries worldwide. Significant collections include material from the Channel Tunnel investigations in the English Channel and for the Thames Barrier in the Thames Estuary. Column headers provide details of David Carter's own numbering system as well as location of collection details. Most slides are assemblage material but some are thin sections. Stratigraphic information is available via an associated card index.
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: imperial college
landing page: Imperial College Royal School of Mines Micropalaeontology Collection
theme: Collections

Annotations in Hans Sloane's copy of John Ray's Historia Plantarum (1686-1704)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Victoria Pickering; Jawad Sadek; Foteini Valeonti; Shirley Chang; Jiawei Liu; Yuyan Yang; Binkai Ma; Siyi Zhang; Jiayi Du; Julianne Nyhan; Andreas Vlachidis; Mark Carine
issued: 2024-06-21T15:23:32.852020
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-09-27T18:19:26.503817
temporal: 1715-1753
description: John Ray’s Historia Plantarum is a three-volume work in Latin comprising three volumes. Volumes I and II were published in 1686 and 1688, and contain approximately 1,000 pages each. Volume III is a supplementary volume published in 1704 consisting of three parts (the Supplementum, Dendrologia and the Appendix) that are separately numbered. Like other botanical publications of the early modern period, it is a work that aimed to create a world-wide encyclopaedia of the flora then known to European Natural Historians, listing and describing the known species at the time. Increasing numbers of new species were reaching taxonomists in Britain and Europe every year, and Ray classified in the Historia Plantarum, approximately 18,000 plant species with details about their structures, anatomy, and botanical differences. Common names are often provided and the descriptions typically also included details related to habitats, times of flowering, whether annual or perennial as well as medicinal properties. Historia Plantarum pre-dates the Linnean binomial system of nomenclature and so the names it enumerates are typically polynomial names. Hans Sloane (1660-1753) and his assistants used Sloane’s personal copy of Ray’s Historia Plantarum to classify and catalogue the plant specimens found throughout the 337 Horti Sicci in his herbarium. This copy, which is housed within the NHM’s Historical Botanical Collection, alongside the Sloane Herbarium, contains a plethora of handwritten annotations and markings. In the side margins of the folios are handwritten notations that are next to, or, in very close proximity to a plant name. These annotations take the form of ‘H.S. [Hortus siccus number] [folio number] and act as an indexing reference to the physical location of a specimen within the herbarium. In some cases, an additional numbers specifies a precise specimen on a folio or page. At the top and bottom margins of the pages (headers and footers), are additional handwritten annotatio…
keyword: hans sloane
keyword: herbarium
keyword: plant names
keyword: pre-linnean
landing page: Sloane's annotations in Ray's Historia Plantarum
landing page: Data description and change log
theme: Collections

Diatoms Herbarium Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Edgley Cesar
issued: 2024-11-19T16:51:14.516517
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-12-13T13:18:44.767251
temporal: 1840-1950
description: The Diatoms Herbarium is an ancillary collection in the Diatoms Collections at the Natural History Museum. It comprises processed and unprocessed samples preserved dried directly onto paper, glass or mica sheets and stored in paper packets mounted on standard herbarium sheets. Each herbarium sheet may contain one to several of these packets. This collection is rich in samples containing type material, including many by F. T. Kützing and W. Smith, as well as historical exsiccate sets such as G.L. Rabenhorst's _Algarum europaearum Exsiccatarum_ and Ardissone's _Erbario Critogammico Italiano_ and represent a valuable resource for diatoms taxonomy investigations using modern techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy. This dataset provides a complete catalogue of the Diatom Herbarium. Each specimen has been databased to capture, minimally, its registration number (barcode) and the 'filed as' name, which may or may not be the currently accepted name. Most of these specimens have images associated with them, such as a photograph of the herbarium sheet.
keyword: diatom
keyword: herbarium
keyword: herbarium sheets
keyword: herbarium specimens
landing page: Diatoms Herbarium Collection
theme: Collections

South American morelloid Solanum
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Sandra Knapp; Tiina Särkinen; Gloria E. Barboza
issued: 2023-07-17T12:52:48.992074
license: odc-by
modified: 2023-07-17T13:11:48.672814
description: Occurrence and specimen data used in the publication: Knapp S, T. Särkinen & G.E Barboza (2023) A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L.; Solanaceae). PhytoKeys, in press. Abstract. The Morelloid clade, also known as the black nightshades or “Maurella” (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within the mega-diverse genus _Solanum_ L. The clade is most diverse in the central to southern Andes, but species occur around the tropics and subtropics, some extending well into the temperate zone. Plants of the group vary from herbs to short-lived perennials to perennial shrubs that are distinctly woody at the base, and have small mostly white or purplish white flowers, and small juicy berries. Due to the complex morphological variation and weedy nature of these plants, coupled with the large number of published synonyms (especially for European taxa), our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid clade has lagged behind that of other clades in _Solanum_. Here we provide the last in a three-part series of monographic treatments of the morelloid solanums (see PhytoKeys vols. 106, 125), treating the 62 species occurring in South America. This region is by far the most diverse in the clade, both in terms of species number and morphological diversity. Distribution maps, and common names and uses are provided for all native species occurring in this region. We provide complete synonymy, nomenclatural details, including lecto- and neotypifications where needed, and morphological descriptions, illustrations to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field, and distribution maps for all native, non-cultivated species. We include a key to all species, a synoptic character list for the species treated here and links to synoptic online keys for all species of the Morelloid clade. Preliminary conservation assessments following IUCN guidelines are also provided for all native species.
keyword: american tropics
keyword: andes
keyword: biodiversity
keyword: conservation status
keyword: endemism
keyword: herbs
keyword: nomenclature
keyword: south america
keyword: southern cone
keyword: taxonomy
landing page: Specimens from South America only
landing page: All specimens
landing page: Index to numbered collections South American morelloid Solanum
theme: Research

Papilionoidea New Types Digitisation Project
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Robyn Crowther; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Blanca Huertas
issued: 2019-10-01T09:57:19.965565
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:19:46.578038
temporal: 1939- present day
description: The Papilionoidea type collection comprises the records of recently acquired (~last 20 years) Papilionoidea type material held within a synoptic collection at the Natural History Museum, London. This synoptic type collection was digitised to create specimen records and capture specimen metadata. Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen (dorsal and ventral habitus) and its associated labels, and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status, determination date, taxonomic authority and country level collection locality. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: butterflies
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: lepidoptera
keyword: papilionoidea
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: type
landing page: Papilionoidea New Type Specimens
theme: Collections

Birdwing Butterfly Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Peter Wing; Louise Allan; James Ayre; Blanca Huertas; Charlotte Barclay; Laurence Livermore; Geoff Martin
issued: 2019-09-27T10:56:56.367311
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-29T07:33:50.029956
description: The Birdwing Butterfly collection comprises the records of all the pinned material of Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (March 2019). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. All specimens will have an additional image capturing the ventral (adult specimens) or lateral (immature stages) view as well as the reverse side of labels. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme through the funding of an anonymous donor.
keyword: anonymous donor
keyword: birdwing butterflies
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: lepidoptera
keyword: ornithoptera
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: trogonoptera
keyword: troides
landing page: Birdwing Butterfly Collection Specimens
theme: Collections

Convolvulaceae Digitisation
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Ranee Om Prakash; Krisztina Lohonya; Hillery Warner; Larissa Welton; Chiho Ikebe; Louise Berridge; Ashleigh Whittaker; Skye Neal; Emma Bonzo; Glory Turnbull; John Wood; Jovita C. Yesilyurt; Mark Carine; Rinku Desai; Peter Wing; Louise Allan
issued: 2024-02-27T16:18:57.631063
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T09:02:20.821337
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Convolvulaceae collection comprises the records of all the sheet-mounted material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (September 2023). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (barcode), taxon information and geographical locality. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: botany
keyword: convolvulaceae
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: digitisation
keyword: herbarium sheets
keyword: solanales
landing page: Convolvulaceae Digitisation
theme: Collections

Global seabird plastic ingestion database
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Stephanie Avery-Gomm; Nia Potapova; Chrissie Potter; Alexander Bond; Stephanie B. Borrelle; Jennifer L. Lavers; Steven J. Portugal; Hugh P. Possingham; Jennifer F. Provencher; Natalie Cooper
issued: 2025-10-29T11:22:29.016780
license: cc-by
modified: 2026-02-02T17:29:53.160567
temporal: 1960-2024
description: **Data from the paper**: Global seabird plastic ingestion varies across phylogeny but not behavioural traits. 2026. Stephanie Avery-Gomm, Nia Potapova, Chrissie Potter, Alexander L. Bond, Stephanie B. Borrelle, Jennifer L. Lavers, Steven J. Portugal, Hugh P. Possingham, Jennifer F. Provencher, and Natalie Cooper. ADD LINK. Code for all analyses can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/nhcooper123/PhyloPlastics Archived data are as follows. Please click on individual files below for their associated metadata. ##Raw data * **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data.csv**. The papers from our literature searches. * **02_plastic-ingestion-data.csv**. The raw plastic ingestion data extracted from papers in 01 * **03_trait-data.csv**. Species specific trait data taken from the literature. ## Cleaned data used in the analyses The raw data were cleaned and aggregated prior to analyses. See `analyses/data-preparation` and `01-data-preparation.qmd` at https://github.com/nhcooper123/PhyloPlastics for more details. * **plastic-data-aggregated_2026.csv**. Aggregated data used in analyses. * **seabird-tree-plastic-2026.csv**. Phylogeny of Claramunt et al 2025 pruned to only species with plastic ingestion data. * **full-species-list-2026.csv**. Summarised dataset for all seabird species indicating which are/are not part of our plastic ingestion dataset. Used in the creation of Figure S2. ## Taxonomy * **seabird-list-Clements2025.csv**. List of seabird species according to Clements et al 2025 taxonomy. The full taxonomy file can be found here: https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/. If you want to use the taxonomy please cite: > Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2025. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2025. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/. ## Phylogeny * **s…
keyword: plastic pollution
keyword: seabird
landing page: seabird-tree-2026
landing page: seabird-list-Clements2025
landing page: 03_trait-data
landing page: 01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data
landing page: plastic-data-aggregated_2026
landing page: tips-to-add
landing page: full-species-list-2026
landing page: seabird-tree-plastic-2026
landing page: 02_plastic-ingestion-data
landing page: family-tree-2026.nex
theme: Research

Part-processed Indonesian Fossil Specimens
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Kenneth Johnson
issued: 2024-03-22T15:02:19.966071
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-05-03T14:03:59.966181
description: Collections of marine invertebrates from the Miocene and Pliocene of East Kalimantan Indonesia that have not been identified to specific taxa so cannot be added to the NHMUK catalogue. These collections are intended primarily for taxonomists and other researchers looking at the origins of marine biodiversity hotspots in Southeast Asia. Palaeontology and molecular studies have suggested that the formation of the ancestral centre of diversity could be related to the constriction of the Indonesian Throughflow Current during the Cenozoic resulting in increasing speciation and/or immigration from other regions. The Throughflow Project was Marie Curie Innovative Training Network that included members of Seven European Institutions with Eleven Early Stage Researchers completing PhD degrees within the framework. At the NHM the coral and bryozoan components were studied and collections remain here. These specimens resulted from collecting trips to East Kalimantan Indoneisa in in 2010 and 2011 by project team members. The deposits were Early Miocene – Pliocene in age. Most samples collected during the field work were fully processed and have been registered in the NHM collections management system. Other samples were part processed and not catalogued and they are currently stored in clear covered trays with labels of sample numbers, stratigraphy & full locality details of sites. Tray samples are stored numerically in numbered Really Useful Boxes. Funding for the Throughflow Project was provided by European Union as part of the Marie Curie Actions Plan Framework 7 Programme (Grant No 237922)
keyword: bryozoans
keyword: corals
keyword: miocene
keyword: molluscs
keyword: throughflow project
landing page: Specimen Tray Label Data
landing page: Specimen Tray Labels
landing page: Specimen Tray Locations
theme: Collections

Hans Sloane’s collection of dried plants (the Sloanean Herbarium): an inventory
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Brad Scott; Victoria Pickering; Mark Carine
issued: 2024-06-20T17:07:40.573051
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-10-04T09:33:33.818261
description: From the early 1680s until his death in 1753, London physician Hans Sloane amassed a vast collection of objects, among which were the 121,000 plant specimens that formed his herbarium. Though most have been re-bound, and some other interventions have occurred, the plant collection is still largely organised as it was in 1753. It comprises 337 numbered horti sicci (‘dried gardens’), bound into 265 volumes. A small proportion were gathered by Sloane himself, either in and around London or in France in the early 1680s, or on his voyage to Jamaica from 1687 to 1688. However, the majority of the collection was either bought by, or bequeathed or given to Sloane by other collectors, and over 320 named individuals are represented in this herbarium. While a large proportion of the collection is European, it also includes tens of thousands of specimens from much further afield. Their geographical distribution largely reflects British trading and colonial interests, but also includes plants from parts of the Portuguese and Spanish empires, as well as from Japan and China. This dataset provides high-level metadata for the collection. At its core is a survey of the entire herbarium, which records key information for each folio. This includes the number of specimens, illustrations or ‘manuscripts’ present, together with an indication of the presence/absence of: specimen labels; cross references to Sloane’s annotated copy of John Ray’s Historia Plantarum; common/local names in any language; usage information; names of people or places; and any modern (binomial) determinations. To this have been added the people and places identified for any given folio in The Sloane Herbarium (1958), edited by James Dandy, together with some corrections and additions. Dandy (1958) The Sloane Herbarium has been digitised and can be accessed on Biodiversity Heritage Library: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137366 For a description of the data contained in the dataset, please read th…
keyword: bound volume
keyword: hans sloane
keyword: herbarium
landing page: Inventory of the Sloane Herbarium.xlsx
landing page: Data description and change log.pdf
theme: Collections

Plymouth University (Prof. Malcolm Hart) Microfossil Collection
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Stephen Stukins
issued: 2024-04-12T10:53:58.863745
modified: 2025-08-28T21:39:02.826087
description: This is a collections level description of 12 cabinets from the research collection of Malcolm hart, donated in 2022 to the NHM.
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: micropalaeontology
keyword: ostracoda
landing page: Plymouth University Microfossil Collection.pdf
theme: Collections

The 2016 release of the PREDICTS database V1.1
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Lawrence Hudson; Tim Newbold; Sara Contu; Samantha L L Hill; Igor Lysenko; Adriana De Palma; Helen Phillips; Tamera I Alhusseini; Felicity E Bedford; Dominic J Bennett; Hollie Booth; Victoria Burton; Wen Ting Charlotte Chng; Argyrios Choimes; David L P Correia; Julie Day; Susy Echeverría-Londoño; Susan R Emerson; Di Gao; Morgan Garon; Michelle L K Harrison; Daniel J Ingram; Martin Jung; Victoria Kemp; Lucinda Kirkpatrick; Callum Martin; Yuan Pan; Gwilym Pask-Hale; Edwin L Pynegar; Alexandra N Robinson; Katia Sanchez-Ortiz; Rebecca A Senior; Benno Simmons; Hannah J White; Hanbin Zhang; Job Aben; Stefan Abrahamczyk; Gilbert B Adum; Virginia Aguilar-Barquero; Marcelo A Aizen; Belén Albertos; E L Alcala; Maria del Mar Alguacil; Audrey Alignier; Marc Ancrenaz; Alan N Andersen; Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés; Inge Armbrecht; Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez; Tom Aumann; Jan C Axmacher; Badrul Azhar; Adrián B Azpiroz; Lander Baeten; Adama Bakayoko; András Báldi; John E Banks; Sharad K Baral; Jos Barlow; Barbara I P Barratt; Lurdes Barrico; Paola Bartolommei; Diane M Barton; Yves Basset; Péter Batáry; Adam J Bates; Bruno Baur; Erin M Bayne; Pedro Beja; Suzan Benedick; Åke Berg; Henry Bernard; Nicholas J Berry; Dinesh Bhatt; Jake E Bicknell; Jochen H Bihn; Robin J Blake; Kadiri S Bobo; Roberto Bóçon; Teun Boekhout; Katrin Böhning-Gaese; Kevin J Bonham; Paulo A V Borges; Sérgio H Borges; Céline Boutin; Jérémy Bouyer; Cibele Bragagnolo; Jodi S Brandt; Francis Q Brearley; Isabel Brito; Vicenç Bros; Jörg Brunet; Grzegorz Buczkowski; Christopher M Buddle; Rob Bugter; Erika Buscardo; Jörn Buse; Jimmy Cabra-García; Nilton C Cáceres; Nicolette L Cagle; María Calviño-Cancela; Sydney A Cameron; Eliana M Cancello; Rut Caparrós; Pedro Cardoso; Dan Carpenter; Camila R Cassano; Tiago F Carrijo; Anelena L Carvalho; Helena Castro; Alejandro A Castro-Luna; Rolando Cerda B; Alexis Cerezo; Kim Alan Chapman; Matthieu Chauvat; Morten Christensen; Francis M Clarke; Daniel F R Cleary; Giorgio Colombo; Stuart P Co…
issued: 2023-11-29T12:04:20.272245
license: CC BY-NC 4.0
modified: 2023-12-08T09:13:27.908856
temporal: 1984 - 2013
description: __This is an updated version of the 2016 release of the PREDICTS database. __ Data review in 2021-2023 has resulted in some changes and additions to the database. One source (consisting of three studies) has changed ID. 24 studies have an additional blocking structure that was mistakenly omitted in the original database release. Three studies have additional blocks and records, as data from additional years have been included in this extract. We recommend using this updated version of these data, rather than the original 2016 release. A dataset of 3,278,056 measurement, collated from 26,194 sampling locations in 94 countries and representing 47,089 species. The data were collated from 480 existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database was assembled as part of the [PREDICTS project](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/predicts.html) - Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems. The taxonomic identifications provided in the original data sets are those determined at the time of the original research, and so will not reflect subsequent taxonomic changes. This dataset is described in [10.1002/ece3.2579](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2579). A description of the way that this dataset was assembled is given in [10.1002/ece3.1303](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1303). * `columns.csv`: Description of data extract columns * `database.zip`: Database in zipped CSV format * `database.rds`: Database in RDS format * `sites.zip`: Site-level summaries in compressed CSV format * `sites.rds`: Site-level summaries in RDS format * `references.csv`: Data references in CSV format * `references.bib`: Data references in BibTeX format
keyword: global biodiversity
keyword: global biodiversity modelling
keyword: global change
keyword: habitat destruction
keyword: land cover
keyword: land use
keyword: terrestrial biodiversity
landing page: Data references in CSV format
landing page: Site-level summaries in RDS format
landing page: Data references in BibTeX format
landing page: Description of data extract columns
landing page: Database in RDS format
landing page: Site-level summaries in zipped CSV format
landing page: Database in zipped CSV format
theme: Research

Conodont collection database
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller
issued: 2018-07-11T15:54:10.816056
license: cc-zero
modified: 2025-08-28T21:47:52.455406
contact point: Natural History Museum
description: The database provides information on discrete sub-collections within the conodont collection housed at the Natural History Museum, London. It includes generic, specific and subspecific names, and links to images are included with some collections.
landing page: Conodont collection database
theme: Collections

Psylloidea Slide Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Paul Andrew Brown
issued: 2019-09-25T07:45:46.513700
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:25:26.720441
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Psylloidea slide collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted psyllid material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (September 2018). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides. High resolution images were taken of specimens marked as a primary type. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: microscope slides
keyword: psyllids
keyword: psylloidea
landing page: Psylloidea slide collection specimens
theme: Collections

Hans Sloane's Collection of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Victoria Pickering; Charles Jarvis; Mark Carine
issued: 2023-02-01T13:28:30.175364
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-11-18T22:20:16.912571
description: Hans Sloane’s Collection of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances originally consisted of 12,752 botanical specimens, most housed in small glass and wooden boxes. Sealed inside these boxes were parts of plants such as seeds, beans, leaves, bark and gum, that were collected between the 1680s and 1750s. All sorts of people from around the world were involved in the transportation and exchange of these specimens. In London, Sloane had these items put into boxes, where they were numbered and a corresponding description of the item was entered into his manuscript catalogue. Today, the Vegetable Substances collection comprises more than 8000 surviving specimens/boxes and the original three-volume manuscript catalogue. This dataset includes a transcription of said manuscript and all 12,752 handwritten entries. At the core of these entries is information about what the object is, and from here, the level of detail is varied. This ranges from information about people and places, local uses of plants, margin annotations (which detail cabinet and drawer numbers where Sloane kept these things in his house) to bibliographic references, and modern determinations. Users are recommended to consult the 'Data description and change log' before using the resources provided here. A version of the transcription can also be found in the NHM library catalogue (Primo), together with images of the manuscript catalogue pages: https://nhm.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/44NHM_INST/16ehpmm/alma9936352402081. Please note: This dataset preserves the data in Sloane’s catalogue in their original form to retain authenticity and facilitate research. As such, some entries contain language that may be offensive and that is not acceptable nor appropriate in an inclusive environment. This work was supported by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council Towards a National Collection Programme (Grant AH/W003457/1).
keyword: 18th century
keyword: ethnobany
keyword: hans sloane
keyword: historical geography
keyword: history of collecting
keyword: history of medicine
keyword: history of science
landing page: Hans Sloane's Vegetables and Vegetable Substances
landing page: Data description and change log
landing page: Transcription of Hans Sloane's Catalogue of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances.xlsx
theme: Research

Twenty years of big plant genera
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Peter Moonlight; Ludwig Baldaszti; Domingos Cardoso; Alan Elliott; Tiina Särkinen; Sandra Knapp
issued: 2024-04-24T18:06:49.313171
license: Other (Attribution)
modified: 2024-06-27T04:40:27.635269
description: Moonlight, PW, Baldaszti, L, Cardoso, D, Elliott, A, Särkinen, T, Knapp, S (2024) Twenty years of big plant genera. Proceedings of the Royal Soiety B 291: 20240702, http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.0702. Summary: We use data from the World Flora Online (WFO) to provide an updated list of big (>500 species) and megadiverse (>1,000 species) flowering plant genera and highlight changes since the last review in 2004. The number of big genera has increased from 57 to 86; today one of every four plant species is classified as a member of a big genus, with 14% in just 28 megadiverse genera. Most (71%) of the growth in big genera since 2000 is the result of new species description, not generic re-circumscription. More than 15% of all currently accepted flowering plant species described in the last two decades are in big genera, suggesting that groups previously considered intractable are now being actively studied taxonomically. Despite this rapid growth in big genera, they remain a significant yet understudied proportion of plant diversity. Code version: R version 4.3.3 Four files included: 1. R code used in simulations (as R file; Big Genera Simulations.R) 2. Accepted genera of flowering plants from December 2023 World Flora Online download (WFO_genera Accepted genera and sizes Dec 2023 update.csv) includes all accepted flowering plant genera from the World Flora Online 3. Accepted species names in flowering plants from December 2023 World Flora Online download (WFO_species_Angiosperm Species Level Names Accepted Dec 2023 Update.csv) includes all accepted species from World Flora Online 4. New species names coined in flowering plants since the year 2000 (IPNI_species_described post 2000.csv) includes all species described in flowering plants since the year 2000
keyword: classification
keyword: genera
keyword: history of botany
keyword: species diversity
keyword: taxonomy
landing page: WFO species names
landing page: R code for simulations
landing page: IPNI species described since 2000
landing page: WFO accepted genera and sizes December 2023 update
landing page: Read Me
theme: Research

Castniidae Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Glory Turnbull; Glory Turnbull; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Elizabeth Church; Xinzhu He; Leo Le Good; Roisin Mackie; Skye Neal; Sara Pomposelli; Zhonghui Qu; Kathryn Royce Schronk; Larissa Welton; Peter Wing; Chiho Ikebe; Hillery Warner; Geoff Martin; Alberto Zilli; Robert Worthy
issued: 2025-04-09T08:55:52.946774
license: cc-zero
modified: 2025-04-09T13:11:47.448994
temporal: 1850-2020
description: The Castniidae Collection comprises the records of all the pinned and spirit material of family Castniidae housed in the Lepidoptera Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (April 2025). The Castniidae Collection was digitised to improve access and support research into the family. Each specimen record has been published with two images capturing a dorsal and ventral view of the specimen and its associated labels, creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) taxon information, country of origin, and type status. The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link.
keyword: castniidae
keyword: digital collections
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: pinned insects
landing page: Castniidae specimens
theme: Collections

Aleyrodoidea Slide Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Paul Andrew Brown
issued: 2019-09-25T08:58:14.691428
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:27:04.492825
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Aleyrodoidea slide collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted whitefly material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (November 2018). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: aleyrodoidea
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: microscope slides
keyword: whitefly
landing page: Aleyrodoidea slide collection specimens
theme: Collections

The seed plants fluid collection at the Natural History Museum
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Ranee Om Prakash; Geoff Dart; Gabriella Gilliat; Kathryn Campion; Ranee Om Prakash
issued: 2024-08-06T14:37:38.561129
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-03-12T15:54:13.389880
temporal: 1800s to current
description: This dataset represents over three thousand seed plants fluid collection at the Natural History Museum that have been recently recurated with 70% IMS (Industrial methylated spirit). The data can also be seen by using the link: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/search/expressly-active-dormouse. The collections are arranged as per jar size rather than taxonomically in order to maximise space. The collection ranges from early 19th century to the current era and it continues to grow with material incorporated with recent acquisitions. Over 150 families are represented with some important type specimens such as the world's largest flower-Rafflesia arnoldii R.Br collected by Raffles and Arnold. Other notable collections include several types of orchids collected by C.E. Carr from New Guinea during the second world war and John Gossweiler from Angola. The largest collection is from Nancy Garwood (over 700 bottles) which consists of some carpological material collected from Panama as well as seedlings. Several collections have corresponding herbarium sheets in the General Herbarium. By curating these collections, we have now made these collections accessible. We hope that more people interested in these collections will be able to make use of these collections for their research and help us to update the collections by way of adding determinations. The data will be eventually ingested in KE-Emu, the Museum's database in due course. A paper on "Re-curation of the seed plants fluid collection at the Natural History Museum" has been published by Prakash, R.O., Gilliat, G., Dart, G., and Campion, K. in Journal of Natural Science Collections, Volume 13, pages 54 - 62.
keyword: carpological material
keyword: fluid material
keyword: global biodiversity
keyword: herbarium sheet
keyword: ims
keyword: spirit material
landing page: Seed plants fluid collections at the Natural History Museum
landing page: Index to the seed plants fluid collection.xlsx
theme: Collections

Unexpected high taxonomic diversity in the bryozoan family Horneridae (order Cyclostomatida), with morphomolecular recognition of new species and a new genus in the southern Zealandian region
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Abigail Smith; Peter Batson; Helen Jenkins; Paul Taylor; Andrea Waeschenbach
issued: 2021-07-22T16:42:31.235286
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-11-10T13:31:50.972825
description: The taxonomically challenging cyclostome bryozoan family Horneridae is abundant and diverse in the waters around Aotearoa New Zealand. Using a combination of molecular and morphological approaches, we developed diagnostic characters for species of hornerids, describing eleven species (seven of which are new) in three genera (one of which is new, and one reinstated) from the seafloor around southern New Zealand between Cook Strait at ~42°S and the subantarctic islands at ~55°S. Gracilohornera n. gen. comprises five small, gracile species: the type species G. currieae, as well as G. granolineata n. sp., G. taitonga n. sp., G. retrosa n. sp. and G. tumida n. sp. The reticulate genus Retihornera is revived and includes R. squamosa and R. foliacea which are compared with the type species R. corbicula. In the genus Hornera, we describe the pinnate and palmate branching species H. girvanae n. sp., H. polaris n. sp. and H. querciformis n. sp., comparing them to Hornera robusta. In contrast to other regions, hornerid cyclostomes in Aotearoa New Zealand have flourished and diversified; indeed, many more hornerid species may await discovery in New Zealand waters.
keyword: bryozoa
keyword: cyclostomata
keyword: numt
keyword: phylogeny
keyword: taxonomy
landing page: Concatenated four-gene alignment
theme: Research

Diffuse infrared reflectance of CY carbonaceous chondrites
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Helena Bates
issued: 2025-01-17T09:44:18.727572
license: odc-by
modified: 2025-01-17T11:12:39.463998
temporal: 2024
description: Thermal (~5 - 50 µm) infrared diffuse reflectance of the Y-86720, Y-86789 and B-7904 CY carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.
keyword: infrared
keyword: meteorites
keyword: spectroscopy
landing page: Y86720.csv
landing page: Y86789.csv
landing page: B7904.csv
theme: Research

NHM Botanical Types Georeferenced for China
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Malcolm G Penn; Krisztina Lohonya
issued: 2023-10-30T11:17:55.637793
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-07-22T12:37:42.033168
temporal: 1750-2010
description: This data contains the georeferenced locations of the Botanical TYPES held at the Natural History Museum that have been collected in China. Each location Lat and Long has been carefully georeferenced, using label information from the specimen, and collector research. All sources of information have been noted in the notes. The data can be downloaded and imported to ArcGIS Pro or Google Earth and shows the spatial location of NHM Botanical TYPES specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London.
keyword: botanical
keyword: georeferenced
keyword: gis
keyword: type
landing page: NHM Botanical Type Georeferenced for China
theme: Research

British and Irish Agromyzidae (Diptera) Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; James Ayre; Charlotte Barclay; Nigel Wyatt
issued: 2019-09-30T11:05:33.733997
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:20:52.558542
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The British and Irish Agromyzidae Collection comprises of the records of all pinned agromyzid material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (July 2019). The aim of this project was to digitise the pinned agromyzid specimens using the ALICE workflow (Angled Label Image Capture and Extraction) to enable the national agromyzid expert to work remotely with this collection to extract data from the specimen labels and verify identifications. Each specimen record has been published with six standard images capturing the dorsal habitus, lateral habitus and four angled views of the specimen labels. The images created were attached to existing specimen records within the Collection Managment System. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: agromyzidae
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: diptera
keyword: leaf-miner flies
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: uk
landing page: “British and Irish Agromyzidae (Diptera)” specimens
theme: Collections

Chrysopidae Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Peter Wing; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Skye Neal; Glory Turnbull; Louise Allan; Chiho Ikebe; Marla Spencer; Daniel Hall; Benjamin Price
issued: 2024-10-11T07:42:14.721601
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-10-11T07:44:26.948094
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Chrysopidae collection comprises the records of all the pinned material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (June 2023). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and type status. The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link, please search for the relevant taxa.
keyword: chrysopidae
keyword: digital collections
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: lacewings
keyword: neuroptera
keyword: pinned insects
landing page: Chrysopidae Collection Specimens
theme: Collections

What predicts gene flow during speciation? The relative roles of time, space, morphology, and climate
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Jeffrey Streicher; Shea Lambert; Fausto Méndez de la Cruz; Norberto Martínez-Méndez; Uri Omar García-Vázquez; Adrián Nieto Montes de Oca; John Wiens
issued: 2024-07-24T10:13:30.295969
license: odc-by
modified: 2024-11-04T15:21:46.935630
description: The processes that restrict gene flow between populations are fundamental to speciation. Here, we develop a simple framework for studying whether divergence in morphology, climatic niche, time, and space contribute to reduced gene flow among populations and species. We apply this framework to a model system involving a clade of spiny lizards (_Sceloporus_) occurring mostly in northeastern Mexico, which show striking variation in morphology and habitat among closely related species and populations. We developed a new time-calibrated phylogeny for the group using RADseq data from 152 individuals. This phylogeny identified 12 putative species-level clades including at least two undescribed species. We then estimated levels of gene flow among 21 geographically adjacent pairs of species and populations. We also estimated divergence in morphological and climatic-niche variables among these same pairs, along with divergence times and geographic distances. Using Bayesian generalized linear models, we found that gene flow between pairs of lineages is negatively related to divergence time and morphological divergence among them (which are uncorrelated), and not to geographic distance or climatic divergence. The framework used here can be applied to study speciation in many other organisms having genomic data but lacking direct data on reproductive isolation. We also found several other intriguing patterns in this system, including the parallel evolution of a strikingly similar montane blue-red morph from more dull-colored desert ancestors within two different, non-sister species.
keyword: climate
keyword: gene flow
keyword: lizards
keyword: morphology
keyword: phylogeny
keyword: speciation
landing page: SNAPPER logfile outgroups (E)
landing page: SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1C)
landing page: SNAPPER logfile ingroup (A)
landing page: SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1E)
landing page: SNAPPER input file ingroup (Fig. 2, Fig. S1A)
landing page: Supporting information
landing page: Clade IV PCA file (Species delimitation)
landing page: Clade II STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
landing page: RAxML concatenated alignment
landing page: R commands for analyses and figures
landing page: Sceloporus morphology data (population comparisons)
landing page: Mexico map data used to make Fig. 1
landing page: SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1C)
landing page: SNAPPER logfile outgroups (C)
landing page: Clade I STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
landing page: Sceloporus comparison data
landing page: SNAPPER trees file ingroup (Fig. 2, Fig. S1A)
landing page: Sceloporus climate data (population comparisons)
landing page: RelTime dated tree
landing page: TreeMix input file
landing page: Clade III PCA file (Species delimitation)
landing page: Sceloporus locality data (Fig. 1)
landing page: SNAPPER logfile outgroups (B)
landing page: Sceloporus morphology data (clade comparisons)
landing page: Sceloporus climate data (clade comparisons)
landing page: SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1D)
landing page: SNAPPER logfile outgroups (D)
landing page: SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1B)
landing page: Clade II PCA file (Species delimitation)
landing page: Clade IV STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
landing page: SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1D)
landing page: SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1E)
landing page: Clade III STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
landing page: RAxML concatenated ML tree
landing page: SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1B)
landing page: Clade I PCA file (Species delimitation)
theme: Research

Summary Statistics Echinoid Collection
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Hugh F Carter
issued: 2025-10-02T15:09:20.434821
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-10-02T15:09:54.352209
description: Summary Statistics derived from a full shelf audit compared to CMS/GBIF data
landing page: Summary Stats Echinoid Collection.xlsx
theme: Collections

Join the Dots collection-level descriptions
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Natural History Museum
issued: 2022-03-29T17:19:40.385253
license: odc-by
modified: 2025-04-29T14:13:19.793337
temporal: 2018 - 2024
contact point: Natural History Museum
description: The records in this dataset provide a high-level summary of the Natural History Museum's collection and encompass the material managed by its Life Sciences, Earth Sciences and Library & Archives departments. The data has been gathered, structured and published with the intention of providing some level of visibility into the scope, nature and composition of the Museum's holdings, the majority of which have yet to be digitised. The 2,800+ records in this dataset represent the majority of the NHM collection, approximately 78 million items, and should be treated as an index or discovery tool: they are an indicative view of the Museum's holdings, a source of high-level figures and a signpost towards the relevant curatorial team to contact for more in-depth information. ## Descriptive fields Each record in the **JtD collection-level records** table describes a group of objects, referred to as a 'collection unit'. Collection units can range in size from a handful of objects to several million and are defined by a set of high-level characteristics common to the objects within them (e.g., taxonomy, straitgraphy, item type, preservation method). Controlled vocabularies and external authority lists underpin descriptive fields wherever possible: see **Data dictionary** for field-level definitions and guidance for all fields used in this dataset. ## Collection metrics The count fields indicate the scale of each collection unit in terms of the estimated quantity of 'items' (specimen-level or equivalent) and 'curatorial units' (objects physically managed during curation activities, such as jars or boxes) it holds. The 'reporting count' field should be used when aggregating multiple units and is the default collection size metric used by the Museum both internally and externally. Assessment scores are allocated by curatorial teams and are an attempt to indicate subjective or mutable qualities of each collection unit, such as outreach potential, scope and significance, physical acc…
keyword: collection descriptions
keyword: collections assessment
keyword: curation
keyword: natural history collections
landing page: Data dictionary
landing page: JtD collection-level records
landing page: Join the Dots User Manual
theme: Collections

Lycianthes (Solanaceae) of Australia, New Guinea & Oceania
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Sandra Knapp
issued: 2022-08-05T17:12:59.057903
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-06-27T04:52:32.837065
description: Specimen data used in the publication: Knapp S (2022) A revision of _Lycianthes_ (Solanaceae) in Australia, New Guinea, and the Pacific. PhytoKeys 209: 1-134, https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.209.87681. Abstract. The genus _Lycianthes_ (Dunal) Hassl. (Solanaceae) has in the past been treated as a section of the large genus _Solanum_ L., but is more closely related to _Capsicum_ L. The eighteen species of _Lycianthes_ occurring Australia, New Guinea (defined as the island of New Guinea, comprising Papua New Guinea [incl. Bougainville] and the Indonesian provinces of Papua Barat and Papua, plus the surrounding islands connected during the last glacial maximum) and the Pacific Islands are here treated in full, with complete descriptions, including synonymy, typifications and synonyms, distribution maps and illustrations. The history of taxonomic treatment of the genus in the region is also discussed. These taxa occupy a diverse range of forested habitats, and are in diverse in habit, from small shrubs to large canopy lianas to epiphytic shrubs. They are for the most part rarely collected, and many are endemic (14 of the 18 species treated here). Australia has a single endemic _Lycianthes_ species (_L. shanesii_ (F.Muell.) A.R.Bean). Nine species are found in both Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, one in Indonesia only, four in Papua New Guinea only, and _L. vitiensis_ (Seem). A.R.Bean is known from Bougainville (Papua New Guinea) and the south Pacific as far east as Samoa. _Lycianthes lucens_ S.Knapp sp. nov. is described from the islands of Lihir, New Ireland and the Louisiade Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. The cultivated _L. rantonnetii_ (Carrière) Bitter is also treated in full, in this region known currently only from Australia; it is native to southern South America. Preliminary conservation assessments are presented for all species except the cultivated _L. rantonnetii_.
keyword: australia
keyword: conservation
keyword: endemism
keyword: monograph
keyword: new guinea
keyword: oceania
keyword: species diversity
keyword: taxonomy
landing page: Specimen data for Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific (SM 2)
landing page: Exsiccatae list for all specimens examined (SM1)
landing page: All specimens examined (SM 3)
theme: Collections

UK Species Inventory - Simplified copy
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Chris Raper
issued: 2014-12-18T16:53:39.581311
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-07-04T06:41:57.756253
description: An up to date export of the UK Species Inventory database in its simplified form. This dataset contains all names and all taxonomic concepts in 2 tables, which can be used to derive NBN TAXON_VERSION_KEYs (TVKs) for names on observations held in non-NBN compatible systems.
keyword: citizen science
keyword: nbn
keyword: taxonomy
keyword: uk species inventory
keyword: uksi
landing page: UKSI 20241114a Simplified Copy.xlsx
landing page: Guide to using the Nameserver
landing page: UKSI 20240614a Simplified Copy.xlsx
landing page: UKSI 20250703a Simplified Copy.xlsx
landing page: UKSI 20221111a Simplified Copy.xlsx
theme: Citizen Science

Earthworm Watch Participants
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Victoria Burton; Alan G. Jones; Lucy Robinson; Paul Eggleton; Andy Purvis
issued: 2025-07-24T10:00:38.535445
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-07-24T10:10:43.455827
temporal: 2016 - 2018
description: Anonymised data from participants who registered for the Earthworm Watch citizen science project which ran from April 2016 to August 2018. This data was used for the paper Who watches the worms? Motivation and participation in a contributory citizen science project
keyword: citizen science
keyword: earthworms
keyword: soil biodiversity
landing page: EarthwormWatchParticipants.xlsx
theme: Citizen Science

Fossil and recent ostracod collections
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller; Adrian Rundle
issued: 2016-11-16T13:03:41.018900
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-08-29T15:39:24.795767
description: A collections level dataset of fossil and recent ostracods in the collections at the Natural History Museum.
landing page: Fossil and recent ostracod collections
theme: Collections

UK Species Inventory - Master copy
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Chris Raper; Charles Hussey
issued: 2014-12-18T17:02:12.431629
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-07-10T15:09:47.928535
temporal: 2000-2024
description: A full copy of the UK Species Inventory, including all tables. This gives the ultimate in functionality but does require a copy of Microsoft Access (or similar database environment) and skills in joining and querying complex table relationships. Although this dataset includes the source checklists, these are NOT to be reproduced without the permission of their creators. The manual is provided here but please contact me if you think you need access to the data itself.
keyword: nbn
keyword: taxonomy
keyword: uk species inventory
keyword: uksi
landing page: UKSI 20231212a Live DB cut-down.zip
landing page: UKSI 20240613a Live DB cut-down.zip
landing page: Technical overview of the UK Species Inventory
theme: Citizen Science

Micropalaeontology Collection citations and visitor numbers
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller
issued: 2025-08-29T15:49:40.642894
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-08-29T15:52:50.756623
temporal: 1822-2024
description: A dataset to support the figures in a publication in Revue de Micropaleontologie on the Natural History Museum Microfossil Collection. Data derived mainly from annotations in museum specimen registers and museum visitor books to the Foraminifera and fossil Ostracoda collections . These have been added to with more recent citations for collections yet to be fully digitised.
keyword: conodonta
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: ostracoda
keyword: visitor numbers
landing page: Micropalaeontology citations and visitors
landing page: Micropalaeontology collections citation and visitor data
theme: Collections

Plants of South Asia
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Jovita Yesilyurt; Shyam Biswa; Mark Carine; Felipe Dominguez Santana; Susan Higgins; Dr. Bhavana Joshi ; Dilip Kumar Roy; Gopal Krishna; Pushpa Kumari; Nicky Nicholl; Basant Kumar Singh; Hillery Warner; Ranee Om Prakash
issued: 2023-06-03T15:27:37.910721
license: cc-by
modified: 2023-06-30T10:03:52.856544
temporal: 1701-present
description: The Plants of South Asia dataset comprises details of herbarium specimens from the South Asian region and includes botanical specimens Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka and reflects the extensive collections from the South Asian region held in the herbarium at the Natural History Museum. The dataset comprises over 70,000 specimens of which more than 10,000 are types or original material. The earliest specimens were collected in 1701 but collections from the 20th century account for nearly three quarters of the specimens for which collecting year is recorded. The majority of the specimens were gathered in India (49%). The collections are also particularly rich in specimens from Nepal (18%). The dataset comprises records generated from two main sources: 1. Records captured through the Global Plants Initiative types project and ‘business as usual’ databasing 2. Records from a number of broad-scale databasing and imaging projects focussed either specifically on collections from the South Asian region or on complete digitisation of groups of plants. The Natural History Museum V Factor Volunteer Programme enabled volunteers to contribute to mass-digitisation and was a major contributor of records. Funding from the Rutherford Fellowship Programme (funded by the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UK) and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, India, enabled scientists from the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) to make a substantial contribution to the programme. Records have also been contributed by colleagues from the Museum’s Digital Collections Programme. Mass digitisation projects have focussed on seed plants and consequently, seed plants are over-represented in the dataset with over 80% of specimens in the dataset from the Museum's seed plant collections. We would ask users to remember that the dataset is not comprehensive and it does not represent the full extent of South Asian material at …
keyword: herbarium specimens
keyword: south asia
landing page: Plants of South Asia Database
theme: Collections

CHROMREP
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Marcello Mezzasalma; Jeffrey Streicher; Fabio Maria Guarino; Marc Jones; Simon Loader; Gaetano Odierna; Natalie Cooper
issued: 2022-08-25T10:57:02.190674
license: cc-by
modified: 2023-04-05T14:49:58.739295
description: Data from the CHROMREP project led by Marcello Mezzasalma (m.mezzasalma@gmail.com), funded by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action. This data was used in the paper: > Marcello Mezzasalma, Jeffrey W. Streicher, Fabio M. Guarino, Marc E.H. Jones, Simon P. Loader, Gaetano Odierna, and Natalie Cooper. Microchromosome fusions underpin convergent evolution of chameleon karyotypes. TBC More details can be found at https://github.com/nhcooper123/chameleon-chromosomes
keyword: chamaelionidae
keyword: chameleons
keyword: karyotypes
landing page: CHROMO_STATES_2020-10-16.csv
landing page: chromosome-data.csv
landing page: Bayesian-tree.tre
landing page: CHROMO_STATES_REFERENCES.csv
landing page: chromosome-data-species.csv
landing page: chromevol-simulations-outputs-best.csv
landing page: null-simulations-outputs.csv
landing page: Bayesian-tree-species.tre
theme: Research

Sampaio_Uropeltidae
type: Dataset
creator: Natural History Museum
issued: 2021-11-06T09:54:22.561409
license: License not specified
modified: 2023-08-07T13:41:47.043774
description: Supplementary files
keyword: phylogenetics
keyword: snakes
keyword: uropeltidae
landing page: dataset1.nex
landing page: dataset2.nex
landing page: dataset1.fasta
landing page: Alignments_info.txt
landing page: dataset3.nex
landing page: dataset3.fasta
landing page: dataset2.fasta
theme: Research

Listing of HMS Challenger Sediment Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller; Monique Jouet-Sarkany
issued: 2024-09-17T10:03:00.850431
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2025-09-08T09:32:06.678215
temporal: 1873-1876
description: This is a dataset to accompany a paper published in 2025 in the journal Historical Biology: Miller, C. Giles and Jouet-Sarkany, Monique M. H. 2025. Sir John Murray’s H.M.S. Challenger Sedimentary Deposits Collection at the Natural History Museum, London. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2025.2506185. A description of the fields is available via this link and the abstract for the paper copied: The Natural History Museum holds 4,713 bottles, tubes, boxes and slides containing sediment and derived preparations from the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (1873-1876). The sediment collections include manganese nodules, pumice, and various marine vertebrates and invertebrates from all the major oceans of the world. A complete online database of the collection is presented to include all of the associated collecting and preparation data from the oceanic dredges, trawls, soundings and anchor mud collections alongside shallower water collections previously undocumented in the Challenger Deep Sea Deposits Report of Murray and Renard (1891). The dataset allows assessment of other Challenger sediment collections in museums and private collections. A historical account of the collection follows; collecting and studying onboard, studying in Edinburgh post cruise, donation by Sir John Murray’s family to the British Museum (Natural History) and accounts of the collection’s historical housing at the museum. The historical context and presented dataset are intended to aid future users of the collection to select suitable materials for study or display. A review of previous scientific and exhibition uses of the collection is followed by suggestions for the future storage and potential for illuminating the debate on anthropologically driven climate, biodiversity and atmospheric changes.
keyword: deep sea sediment
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: hms challenger
keyword: shark
keyword: whale
landing page: Sir John Murray's Challenger Sediment Collection
theme: Research

Annual country-level summaries of BII and land use (2001-2012) for tropical and subtropical forests
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Adriana De Palma; Andrew Hoskins; Ricardo E Gonzalez; Luca Borger; Tim Newbold; Katia Sanchez-Ortiz; Simon Ferrier; Andy Purvis
issued: 2021-07-20T15:20:26.338365
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
modified: 2024-07-15T14:04:03.236541
temporal: 2001-2012
description: Here we provide machine-readable (csv files) and human readable (pdf files) tables of country, subregion and region averages for the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) and land use (primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, cropland, pasture and urban) for countries that include tropical or subtropical forest biomes, for each year from 2001-2012. These data are taken from De Palma et al (2021) Annual changes in the Biodiversity Intactness Index in tropical and subtropical forest biomes, 2001-2012, _Scientific Reports_.
keyword: biodiversity
keyword: land use
landing page: landuse_AnnualAverages.zip
landing page: BII_AnnualAverages.zip
landing page: Primary_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
landing page: Urban_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
landing page: Cropland_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
landing page: Secondary_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
landing page: BII_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
landing page: Pasture_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
theme: Research

The John Murray Foraminifera Collection
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Stephen Stukins
issued: 2023-07-17T15:09:04.209115
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-08-28T21:37:00.276768
temporal: 1963 - 2017
description: Data pertaining to the collection of John W. Murray's now housed at the NHM. This includes specimens, samples, residues, theses and published/unpublished data
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: micropalaeontology
landing page: Samples and publications.xls
landing page: Summary of JW Murray samples
landing page: Index of species on Typeslides.xlsx
landing page: Data tables for living F.xlsx
theme: Collections

The 2016 release of the PREDICTS database [SUPERSEDED]
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Lawrence Hudson; Tim Newbold; Sara Contu; Samantha L L Hill; Igor Lysenko; Adriana De Palma; Helen Phillips; Tamera I Alhusseini; Felicity E Bedford; Dominic J Bennett; Hollie Booth; Victoria Burton; Wen Ting Charlotte Chng; Argyrios Choimes; David L P Correia; Julie Day; Susy Echeverría-Londoño; Susan R Emerson; Di Gao; Morgan Garon; Michelle L K Harrison; Daniel J Ingram; Martin Jung; Victoria Kemp; Lucinda Kirkpatrick; Callum Martin; Yuan Pan; Gwilym Pask-Hale; Edwin L Pynegar; Alexandra N Robinson; Katia Sanchez-Ortiz; Rebecca A Senior; Benno Simmons; Hannah J White; Hanbin Zhang; Job Aben; Stefan Abrahamczyk; Gilbert B Adum; Virginia Aguilar-Barquero; Marcelo A Aizen; Belén Albertos; E L Alcala; Maria del Mar Alguacil; Audrey Alignier; Marc Ancrenaz; Alan N Andersen; Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés; Inge Armbrecht; Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez; Tom Aumann; Jan C Axmacher; Badrul Azhar; Adrián B Azpiroz; Lander Baeten; Adama Bakayoko; András Báldi; John E Banks; Sharad K Baral; Jos Barlow; Barbara I P Barratt; Lurdes Barrico; Paola Bartolommei; Diane M Barton; Yves Basset; Péter Batáry; Adam J Bates; Bruno Baur; Erin M Bayne; Pedro Beja; Suzan Benedick; Åke Berg; Henry Bernard; Nicholas J Berry; Dinesh Bhatt; Jake E Bicknell; Jochen H Bihn; Robin J Blake; Kadiri S Bobo; Roberto Bóçon; Teun Boekhout; Katrin Böhning-Gaese; Kevin J Bonham; Paulo A V Borges; Sérgio H Borges; Céline Boutin; Jérémy Bouyer; Cibele Bragagnolo; Jodi S Brandt; Francis Q Brearley; Isabel Brito; Vicenç Bros; Jörg Brunet; Grzegorz Buczkowski; Christopher M Buddle; Rob Bugter; Erika Buscardo; Jörn Buse; Jimmy Cabra-García; Nilton C Cáceres; Nicolette L Cagle; María Calviño-Cancela; Sydney A Cameron; Eliana M Cancello; Rut Caparrós; Pedro Cardoso; Dan Carpenter; Tiago F Carrijo; Camila R Cassano; Anelena L Carvalho; Helena Castro; Alejandro A Castro-Luna; Rolando Cerda B; Alexis Cerezo; Kim Alan Chapman; Matthieu Chauvat; Morten Christensen; Francis M Clarke; Daniel F R Cleary; Giorgio Colombo; Stuart P Co…
issued: 2016-04-18T11:37:04.164890
license: CC-BY-4.0
modified: 2023-12-01T16:33:43.346529
temporal: 1984 - 2013
description: __IMPORTANT NOTICE: THIS VERSION OF THE DATABASE HAS BEEN SUPERSEDED__ Data review in 2021-2023 has resulted in some changes and additions to the database. The new version (version 1.1), is available for non-commercial use [https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/the-2016-release-of-the-predicts-database-v1-1]. A dataset of 3,250,404 measurements, collated from 26,114 sampling locations in 94 countries and representing 47,044 species. The data were collated from 480 existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database was assembled as part of the [PREDICTS project](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/predicts.html) - Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems. The taxonomic identifications provided in the original data sets are those determined at the time of the original research, and so will not reflect subsequent taxonomic changes. This dataset is described in [10.1002/ece3.2579](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2579). A description of the way that this dataset was assembled is given in [10.1002/ece3.1303](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1303). * `columns.csv`: Description of data extract columns * `database.zip`: Database in zipped CSV format * `database.rds`: Database in RDS format * `sites.zip`: Site-level summaries in compressed CSV format * `sites.rds`: Site-level summaries in RDS format * `references.csv`: Data references in CSV format * `references.bib`: Data references in BibTeX format
keyword: alpha diversity
keyword: global biodiversity modelling
keyword: global change
keyword: habitat destruction
keyword: land cover
keyword: land use
keyword: terrestrial biodiversity
landing page: Database in RDS format
landing page: Data references in CSV format
landing page: Data references in BibTeX format
landing page: Database in zipped CSV format
landing page: Description of data extract columns
landing page: Site-level summaries in RDS format
landing page: Site-level summaries in zipped CSV format
theme: Research

Plants from Fort St. George India collected by Samuel Browne in 1697
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Ranee Om Prakash
issued: 2023-11-10T14:43:39.663401
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-08-22T13:11:05.596223
temporal: 1697
description: Samuel Browne (d. 1698) was a surgeon employed by the English East India Company (EIC) at Fort St. George, Madras (now Chennai) in India. In 1697, Browne sent a herbarium of 316 specimens collected in and around Chennai to the EIC. Many of those specimens were accompanied with vernacular names, descriptions and notes on their properties and uses. Browne’s specimens were studied by James Petiver who published descriptions with Browne as co-author. Those descriptions made reference to polynomial names in many other published works. This dataset comprises the specimens included in the Browne herbarium with identifications for all specimens. A paper describing this dataset by Prakash, R. O. et al (2024) can be found here: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/CZGKSJUBDFA687KPPI9H/full?target=10.1080/23818107.2023.2296095. Further to Prakash et al. (2024), the determinations have been further revised and are reflected in the portal.
keyword: 17th century
keyword: east india company
keyword: ethnobotany
keyword: herbaria
keyword: india
keyword: medicinal plants
keyword: plant uses
keyword: vernacular names
landing page: The Samuel Browne Herbarium
theme: Collections

Mark My Bird
type: Dataset
contributor: Elliott J. R. Capp (University of Sheffield) Emma C. Hughes (University of Sheffield) Chris J. A. Moody (University of Sheffield) Lara O. Nouri (University of Sheffield) Zoë K. Varley (University of Sheffield)
creator: Person
  has affiliation: University of Sheffield
  fn: Gavin H Thomas; Jen A Bright; Chris R Cooney
issued: 2016-12-05T18:45:08.667241
license: CC-BY-4.0
modified: 2024-11-21T10:15:41.443221
temporal: 1842 - Present
description: The Mark My Bird dataset comprises 3D scans of bird bills from the ornithology collection of the Natural History Museum, London. Mark My Bird is part of a European Research Council (ERC) funded project based at the University of Sheffield. The project aims to contribute to our understanding of how and why bird species form and diversify. 3D scans of bills were taken primarily from the ornithological skins collections. The scans were uploaded to the markmybird.org citizen science website where they were analysed by both researchers from the University of Sheffield and volunteer citizen scientists. Analysis involved landmarking pre-defined features of the bill on computer visualisations of the scans. The dataset comprises records of 2028 specimens. Each specimen represents a different birds species and is typically a male. The dataset includes raw scan data in obj format, landmarks from 3-4 volunteers (and the average of those landmarks) for each specimen stored as txt files with three columns of XYZ coordinates. Mark My Bird usernames, documenting the contributing volunteer, are assigned to each landmark file. The dataset also includes a csv format file (MarkMyBird_manifest.csv) detaling taxonomy, museum accession number, and sex for each species.
keyword: 3d scans
keyword: aves
keyword: beaks
keyword: bills
keyword: birds
keyword: global
landing page: MarkMyBird_manifest.csv
theme: Research

Coral Reef Sand Data for Training SandE
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: George William Harrison; Teigan Georgia Collins; Nadiezhda Santodomingo; Kenneth Johnson; Willem Renema
issued: 2025-09-15T10:31:32.397869
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-09-16T09:30:39.101421
description: This repository contains all the training data used to train the Sediment Analysis Neural-network Data-engine (SAND-e). SAND-e was created as part of the PhD thesis of G. William M. Harrison under the supervision of Ken Johnson and Willem Renema and the master’s thesis of Teigan Collins under the supervision of Ken Johnson and Nadia Santodomingo with major contributions made by Allia Rosedy. This study is part of the Reef Refugia project (NE/R011044/1) funded by NERC. William Harrison’s PhD is being conducted with 4D-REEF project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813360. The images and .json files corresponding to the relevant masks for each image used to train the segmenter can be found in the “segmenter_training_data.zip". The classifier was trained with the images in the “classifier_training_data.zip” images for classifier training are sorted into separate folders by type. The "AI vs Human testing.zip” file contains the raw images input into SAND-e (“raw images”) and the labelled version of those images given to human testers (“labelled images”), the outputs produced by SAND-e (“Segmenter_Classifier_Outputs.csv”), the answers given by the humans (“Human_annotations_anonymized.csv”), and a form of them in which SAND-e’s outputs have been aligned grain-to-grain with the human answers (“Human_AI_Grain_IDS.csv”). Finally, the “Deployment” folder contains the raw images fed into SAND-e for the analysis part of this study in the “raw images” folder and SAND-e’s outputs in the “AI_ouputs.zip” file.
keyword: coral reefs
keyword: machine learning
keyword: sand-e
keyword: sediment
landing page: segmenter_training_data.zip
landing page: AI v. Human Testing Data
landing page: classifier training data
landing page: Deployment.zip
theme: Research

A list of publications by Dr John E. Whittaker
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: John Whittaker; Giles Miller
issued: 2025-04-22T21:58:37.696675
license: odc-by
modified: 2025-07-28T22:17:16.265046
temporal: 1971-2024
description: This list is based mainly on data provided by the late Dr John E. Whittaker from his CV when he kept it up to date during his career at the British Museum (Natural History)/Natural History Museum. Publications post retirement and also since his death have been added to this list and serve to enhance the published and unpublished research collections that he made that are deposited at the Natural History Museum. An almost complete set of these publications is deposited in the Micropalaeontology Library at the Natural History Museum. This list was compiled for a presentation by Giles Miller at a meeting on 22nd April 2025 to celebrate the life and works of Dr John E. Whittaker.
keyword: archaeology
keyword: ecuador
keyword: fleet
keyword: foraminifera
keyword: micropalaeontology
keyword: ostracoda
keyword: whittaker
landing page: PUBLICATIONS_OF_J_E_WHITTAKER_22Apr25.docx
theme: Collections

"Join the dots" collections assessment exercise
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller
issued: 2020-01-06T13:16:14.004502
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-07-18T10:20:01.817960
temporal: 2018
description: The files submitted here form the backbone to a 2018 collections assessment exercise at the Natural History Museum and support a methodology paper submitted to Museum Management and Curatorship. They include: a document to help define collections units, an Excel spread sheet for gathering data about each unit, a Manual for scorers, a document listing and illustrating cabinet types with their suggested scores to aid consistent scoring, some screen shots of the internally available Power BI dashboard, item type and preservation look-ups and a list of numbers of specimens in the museum broken down to sectional level.
distribution: Join the Dots Scoring Tool
keyword: collections assessment
keyword: condition
keyword: importance and significance
keyword: information
keyword: outreach
landing page: Screen shots of internally available Power BI dashboard
landing page: sectional_summary_for_paper_2021-04-30.pdf
landing page: Join the Dots Collections Assessment Exercise Manual
landing page: Collection Unit Definition and Guidlines
landing page: jtd_itemtype_preservationmethod.txt
landing page: Cabinetry Scoring Document
landing page: Join the Dots Scoring Tool
theme: Collections

Angiosperm functional traits extracted from botanical descriptions
type: Dataset
creator: Natural History Museum
issued: 2026-02-13T12:30:51.386183
license: cc-by
modified: 2026-02-13T12:47:53.616182
description: This dataset provides a large-scale compilation of plant functional traits automatically extracted from published taxonomic descriptions of flowering plants. The taxonomic backbone comprises all accepted angiosperm species names sourced from World Flora Online (WFO). Each accepted species was systematically searched across multiple textual sources, including the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL; OCR-derived biodiversity literature), eFloras (including Flora of North America, Flora of China, and related online floras), and the Ecological Flora Database (Ecoflora). Where botanical descriptions were identified, natural language processing methods were used to extract structured trait information. Trait extraction was implemented using the [ADEPT](https://github.com/NaturalHistoryMuseum/ADEPT) pipeline, which combines machine-learning classification of botanical descriptions, ontology-driven terminology matching, named-entity recognition for numeric traits, syntactic parsing, and rule-based semantic interpretation to associate traits with plant structures and standardise measurements. The dataset includes trait information for 59,369 angiosperm species, comprising 888,328 extracted trait values spanning vegetative, reproductive, and ecological characteristics such as growth form, plant height, leaf morphology, floral traits, fruit and seed traits, dispersal attributes, and cytological information where available. Trait coverage varies among taxa and trait types, reflecting differences in descriptive detail, taxonomic practice, and source availability. Separate files are provided for each source dataset alongside a combined dataset, enabling users to assess provenance and tailor analyses. This resource supports large-scale studies of plant functional diversity, ecological strategy, conservation risk, and biodiversity modelling by mobilising trait information historically embedded in taxonomic literature.
landing page: combined.csv
landing page: efloras.flora_of_pakistan.csv
landing page: wfo-angiosperms.csv
landing page: ecoflora.csv
landing page: efloras.flora_of_china.csv
landing page: bhl.csv
landing page: efloras.flora_of_north_america.csv
theme: Research

Index Lot collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-W
creator: Natural History Museum
issued: 2014-12-15T13:20:25.858259
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-03-04T10:03:28.560924
contact point: Natural History Museum
description: Index Lot records from the Natural History Museum's collection
landing page: Index Lots
theme: Collections

Peru herbarium data for accurate IUCN threat assessments
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Sandra Knapp; Peter Moonlight; Tiina Särkinen
issued: 2023-04-22T12:24:29.584790
license: odc-by
modified: 2024-06-27T04:50:49.091540
description: Data downloaded from Solanaceae Source and the Begonia Resource Centre for use in analyses in the following paper: Delves, J., J. Albán-Castillo, A. Cano, E. Gagnon, C. Fernández Aviles, P. Gonzáles, S. Knapp, B. León, C. Reynel R., E.F. Rodriguez Rodríguez, R.P. Rojas Gonzáles, T. Särkinen, R. Vásquez Martínez & P.W. Moonlight. 2023 (2024). Small and in-country herbaria are vital for accurate plant threat assessments: a case study from Perú. Plants, People, Planet 6(1): 174-185, published online 4 September 2023, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10425
keyword: begonia
keyword: conservation
keyword: herbarium specimens
keyword: iucn
keyword: solanum
landing page: Peruvian Begonia
landing page: Peruvian Solanum
theme: Collections

iCollections: British and Irish Pyraloidea (Moths) Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; James Ayre; Charlotte Barclay; Geoff Martin
issued: 2019-10-02T13:30:05.176007
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:22:22.734601
temporal: 1819 to present day
description: The Pyraloidea collection comprises the records of all British and Irish material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (August 2019). It includes the main collection and recently acquired (2019) material from the J.M. Jaques collection. The Pyraloidea collection was digitised to complete the iCollections dataset (British and Irish Lepidoptera) and to create specimen records and capture specimen metadata. Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen (dorsal habitus) and its associated labels, and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and locality within the collection. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: british
keyword: crambidae
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: icollections
keyword: j.m. jaques collection
keyword: lepidoptera
keyword: moths
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: pyralidae
keyword: pyraloidea
keyword: uk
landing page: "iCollections" specimens
landing page: "iCollections: British and Irish Pyraloidea (Moths) Collection" specimens
theme: Collections

Wheat Through the Ages
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Larissa Welton; Krisztina Lohonya; Peter Wing; Hillery Warner; Mark Carine; Chris Dixon; Norbert Holstein; John Hunnex
issued: 2023-07-20T09:20:06.166266
license: cc-zero
modified: 2023-07-20T09:27:47.262018
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The project entailed to stub-record, image and transcribe all of the Triticeae tribe from General Herbarium, British & Irish Herbarium and Percival Collection at the Natural History Museum, London, at the time of project completion (April 2023). This included wheat and wild crop relatives. Digitising this collection will help identify specimens that represent times and locations of wheat & relatives that have not yet been genome sequenced. The output of this project is part of a much larger dataset with the same name, to which two other European institutions also contribute. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and was funded by Synthesys+ Virtual Access.
keyword: botanical collections
keyword: botany
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: digitisation
keyword: elymus
keyword: georeferenced
keyword: herbarium
keyword: herbarium sheets
keyword: herbarium specimens
keyword: hordeum
keyword: poaceae
keyword: secale
keyword: synthesys virtual access
keyword: taxonomy
keyword: transcription
keyword: triticeae
keyword: triticum
keyword: wheat
landing page: Wheat Through The Ages specimens
theme: Collections

Slimehead size through time: testing the temperature-size relationship in Late Cretaceous Trachichthyidae
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Chloe Victoria Griffiths; James Witts; Emma Bernard; Julie C.S. Brown; Richard John Twitchett
issued: 2025-08-21T16:19:43.421226
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-09-25T10:17:35.735854
description: As global temperatures rise, fish are predicted to become smaller. Body size is a fundamental trait that impacts many aspects of an animal's life history and ecology, and understanding how it may respond to climate change in particular fish groups, especially commercial or keystone species, is critical. The slimeheads (Family Trachichthyidae) include several commercially important species, but because they are deep‐dwelling, long‐lived fish that reproduce slowly, directly testing the temperature–size relationship in this family is challenging. Fortunately, Trachichthyidae have a long evolutionary history beginning in the Cretaceous, and their fossil record provides empirical data on the response of this family to past climate change events. In this study, we leveraged the extensive fossil record of the Late Cretaceous trachichthyid genus Hoplopteryx from the British Chalk Group of southern England, United Kingdom, to test whether its size declined at higher temperatures. Standard Lengths were measured from complete individuals and estimated from partial remains. Seawater palaeotemperature estimates were derived from oxygen stable isotope values (𝛿18O) of the bulk chalk rock surrounding the fossils using standard techniques and assumptions. Individual fish ranged from 56.3 to 262.6 mm in length, and measured seawater temperature estimates ranged from 19.5°C to 27.1°C. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the estimated seawater temperature was a significant negative predictor of Standard Length in the most common species, Hoplopteryx lewesiensis, supporting the prediction that higher temperatures led to smaller body size in fish. In addition, carbon stable isotope values (𝛿13C) also significantly negatively predicted the Standard Lengths of Hoplopteryx spp., suggesting that other environmental factors, such as primary productivity and/or the burial of organic matter, may also have affected body size.
keyword: body size
keyword: chalk
keyword: climate change
keyword: fish
keyword: fossil
keyword: temperature
landing page: Griffiths et al. (2025) Table S4
landing page: Supplementary Figures and Tables
theme: Research

British and Irish 'Larger' Micro Moths Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Peter Wing; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Joseph Deane; Noelia Gahan; Daniel Hall; Krisztina Lohonya; Nicola Lowndes; Ying Luo; Skye Neal; Olga Sivell; Megan Squire; Glory Turnbull; Larissa Welton; Chrissy Williams; Janice Wu; Chiho Ikebe; Marla Spencer; Hillery Warner; Geoff Martin
issued: 2024-10-11T08:10:21.957194
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-10-11T08:18:06.263805
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The British and Irish 'Larger' Micro Moths Collection comprises the records of all the pinned material of Alucitidae, Cossidae, Limacodidae, Sesiidae and Zygaenidae housed in the British and Irish Lepidoptera Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (January 2024). The British and Irish 'Larger' Micro Moths Collection was digitised to further complete work started during the iCollections project to digitise all British and Irish Lepidoptera material held at the Natural History Museum, London. Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) and taxon information. The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset is part of a project covering a range of families.
keyword: alucitidae
keyword: cossidae
keyword: digital collections
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: digitisation
keyword: lepidoptera
keyword: limacodidae
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: sesiidae
keyword: zygaenidae
landing page: British and Irish 'larger' micro moth specimens
theme: Collections

Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Asia (excluding New Guinea)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Sandra Knapp
issued: 2024-05-01T17:45:17.369477
license: odc-by
modified: 2024-07-31T10:49:35.150401
description: Collection event and specimen datasets used for the publication: Knapp S (2024) A revision of _Lycianthes_ (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia. PhytoKeys 245:1-1-6, https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988 . Abstract. The genus _Lycianthes_ (Dunal) Hassl. (Solanaceae) has in the past been treated as a section of the large genus _Solanum_ L. but is more closely related to _Capsicum_ L. Outside of the Americas, where the highest species diversity occurs, the genus is found in tropical and subtropical habitats from India to Japan and the Philippines, including the islands of Indonesia, New Guinea and the Solomons. The 19 species from Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific were treated in ‘PhytoKeys 209’. Here I treat the remaining 10 species occurring across Asia; including two native species, _L. biflora_ (Lour.) Bitter and _L. oliveriana_ (Lauterb. & K.Schum) Bitter, and one cultivated species, _L. rantonnetii_ (Carrière) Bitter that were also included in the earlier work. The Asian species treated here occupy a wide range of forested and disturbed habitats and are diverse in habit, ranging from epiphytic vines to small or medium sized trees, shrubs or creeping herbs. Many of the species are weedy plants of highly disturbed habitats and are best characterised as “ochlospecies”, with complex polymorphic variation. _Lycianthes rantonnetii_, a species native to southern South America, is recorded as cultivated in India and Pakistan, but may be more widespread than collections indicate. The history of taxonomic treatments of _Lycianthes_ in Asia is discussed, along with details of morphology found in all species. All species are treated in full, with complete morphological descriptions, including synonymy, lecto- or neotypifications, discussions of ecology and vernacular names, distribution maps and preliminary conservation assessments (for all except the cultivated _L. rantonnetii_). Searchable lists of all specimens examined are presented as Supplementary Material.
keyword: asia
keyword: lycianthes
keyword: monograph
keyword: solanaceae
keyword: taxonomy
keyword: typification
landing page: Specimens of Lycianthes from tropical Asia
landing page: Collection events for Lycianthes native outside the Americas
theme: Collections

Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Katharine Holub-Swindell; Katharine Holub-Swindell; Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Daniel Hall; Abbie Herdman; Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Krisztina Lohonya; Larissa Welton; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Marla Spencer; Benjamin Price
issued: 2023-06-07T08:47:18.757584
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-07-30T11:23:33.412543
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The project "Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators" involved the rehousing, imaging and label data transcription of all the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera specimens belonging at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (March 2022). In addition, it included the label data transcription of the slide mounted and wet material of specimens of the families mentioned above, creating a valuable resource for bioindication and conservation assessments. The output of this project is part of a much larger dataset with the same name, to which two other European institutions also contribute. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and was funded by Synthesys+ Virtual Access.
keyword: caddisflies
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: ephemeroptera
keyword: mayflies
keyword: microscope slides
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: plecoptera
keyword: riverflies
keyword: spirit material
keyword: stoneflies
keyword: synthesys virtual access
keyword: trichoptera
landing page: Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators specimens
theme: Collections

Malvales Digitisation
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Jovita C. Yesilyurt; Larissa Welton; Krisztina Lohonya; Peter Wing; Hillery Warner; Louise Berridge; Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Leo Le Good; Ashleigh Whittaker; Daniel Hall; Ranee Om Prakash; Joseph Deane; Clare Booth-Downs; Judith Shorter; Marianne Rueffer Turner; Melis Erdem; Neil Ireland; Sarah Price; Louise Allan
issued: 2024-02-27T16:40:21.871337
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-06-04T13:10:57.814116
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Malvales collection comprises the records of all the sheet-mounted material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (June 2022). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (barcode), taxon information and geographical locality. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: botany
keyword: digital collections
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: digitisation
keyword: herbarium
keyword: herbarium sheets
keyword: herbarium specimens
keyword: malvales
landing page: Malvales Digitisation
theme: Collections

American Phlebotominae types at the NHM
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro; Zoe J. O. Adams
issued: 2017-06-30T07:06:24.432409
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-06-17T08:06:21.075110
temporal: 1920-2017
description: Details for the collection of American type specimens (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) held at The Natural History Museum, London.
keyword: neararctic
keyword: neotropics
keyword: phlebotominae
keyword: psychodidae
keyword: type
landing page: Lutzomyia types
theme: Collections

Bee Land-use Change Project
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Natural History Museum
issued: 2021-11-22T13:37:32.085758
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-29T07:36:55.274391
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Bee Land-use Change Project dataset comprises the records of all pinned Bombus hortorum, B.hypnorum, B.lapidarius, B.muscorum, B.pascuorum, B.ruderatus and B.sylvarum material collected in the UK and housed at the Natural History Museum, London. The dataset comprises 6753 specimens. Specimen labels were removed from each specimen and imaged alongside the specimen. Dorsal images were taken of each specimen. Each specimen record has been published with a unique identifier (barcode), taxon information, label metadata transcription, locality georeferencing and an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and funded by NERC award NE/P012914/1 "Bee sensitivity to a century of agricultural land-use change".
keyword: bees
keyword: bombus
keyword: bumblebees
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: hymenoptera
keyword: nerc
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: uk
landing page: Bee Land-use Change Project Specimens
theme: Collections

The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) developed by the Natural History Museum: Methodology, v2.1.1
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Adriana De Palma; Sara Contu; Gareth E Thomas; Connor Duffin; Sabine Nix; Andy Purvis
issued: 2024-10-09T09:11:41.156578
license: Other (Non-Commercial)
modified: 2025-08-05T15:37:28.720713
description: This document outlines the data and processes used for The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by the Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1. This document is available for non-commercial uses under a CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this document, you agree to be bound by these terms. © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.
landing page: The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) developed by the Natural History Museum: Methodology, v2.1.1
theme: Research

Ceratopogonidae Slide Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Daniel Hall; Louise Berridge; Joseph Deane; Phaedra Kokkini; Leo Le Good; Krisztina Lohonya; Zoe J. O. Adams; Duncan Sivell; Peter Wing; Marla Spencer
issued: 2022-10-13T14:31:28.383065
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-07-30T11:24:02.631488
temporal: pre 1850 - present day
description: The Ceratopogonidae Slide Collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (August 2022). This collection comprises substantial amounts of material from John Boorman. Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status, country level collection locality. Additional images were taken to capture any information on the reverse of the slides and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: biting midges
keyword: boorman
keyword: ceratopogonidae
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: diptera
keyword: entomology
keyword: microscope slides
landing page: Ceratopogonidae Slide Collection Specimens
theme: Collections

First report of the biomineral whitlockite from the fossil record of holocephalans
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Esther Manzanares Ubeda; Zerina Johanson; Jens Najorka; Joseph Razzell Hollis; Charlie Underwood; Richard John Twitchett
issued: 2025-12-01T15:25:43.076304
modified: 2026-03-02T09:39:20.846874
description: Data from paper: First report of the biomineral whitlockite from the fosssil record of holocpehalans submitted to Royal Society Open Science All the images featured in the mentioned work are inside the folder “Images”. All the images display the name of the species and the museum number. Images are recorded in lossless TIFF format and include a 10 mm scale bar for the whole specimens and a 5 cm scale bar for the polished blocks. Folder “XRD files” contains individual folders for each specimen studied with the raw X-ray diffractograms, recorded in ASCII format using the Highscore program (Malvern Panalytical). The PDF generated with the spectra, the peak list and the reference material for each specimen is included in each folder. Folder ‘Raman files’ contains individual folders for raw and processed Raman spectra for specimen Harriota raleighana. Raw data is recorded in TXT format, processed data in CSV format. Processed data was treated by the following: 1) cosmic ray removal, 2) background subtraction, 3) normalisation, 4) automatic peak detection. For maps & line scans that consist of more than 1 measurement, positional (x,y) data is recorded in raw data files.
keyword: chondrichtyan
keyword: dental plate
keyword: edaphodon
keyword: eocene
keyword: holocephalan
keyword: ischyodus
keyword: whitlockite
landing page: Images of specimens
landing page: Table S1
landing page: Raman files
landing page: XRD files
landing page: README.docx
theme: Research

SPME GCMS data for bespoke conservation box
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Wren Montgomery; Fabiana Portoni
issued: 2025-09-17T11:26:47.201440
license: odc-by
modified: 2025-09-17T11:33:40.825042
temporal: 2025
description: Solid phase microextraction (SPME) GCMS volatile compound data collected from a bespoke enclosure constructed from foamboard, acid-free card, plastazote foam, Tyvek and a final layer of bondina using a 85-μm CAR/PDMS SPME fiber. Five hours exposure time, desorbed for 10 minutes at 270 C on a DB-5 column.
keyword: baseline
keyword: conservation
keyword: gcms
keyword: volatile
landing page: 20250716_05.D.zip
theme: Research

Coccoidea Slide Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Phaedra Kokkini; Krisztina Lohonya; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Paul Andrew Brown
issued: 2021-11-22T14:12:45.911606
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-29T07:38:40.845863
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Coccoidea slide collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted scale insect material housed at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (August 2020). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: coccidae
keyword: coccoidea
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: hemiptera
keyword: microscope slides
keyword: scale insects
landing page: Coccoidea Slide Collection Specimens
theme: Collections

Prof. Richard J. Aldridge conodont collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Richard R. W. Knight
issued: 2025-12-03T17:32:06.642119
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2025-12-03T17:33:00.903622
description: An initial listing of UK Silurian assemblage slides from the collection of Prof. Richard J. Aldridge formerly of the University of Leicester. The file synthesises data from the slides themselves and several unpublished documents relating to details of the collection site, a listing of the samples taken, lithological descriptions along with details of sample weights and yields. The collection underpins type and figured specimens already donated to the Natural History Museum and is a major resource for anyone wishing to study British Silurian conodonts.
keyword: conodonts
keyword: silurian
keyword: uk
landing page: 4PUBLICATION_MASTER_MONOGRAPH_CONODONTS_R_Aldridge.xlsx
theme: Collections

Wallace and Banks drawers
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Suzanne Ryder
issued: 2018-08-15T13:31:33.694910
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-06-06T17:28:37.027627
contact point: Natural History Museum
description: Drawer-level images of specimens in the Wallace and Banks collections held by the Natural History Museum, London.
landing page: Drawer-level images
theme: Collections

Global species hotspots and COI barcoding cold spots of marine Gastropoda
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Andrew Torres; Owen Wangensteen; Willem Renema; Christopher Meyer; Ian Kendrich Fontanilla; Jonathan Todd
issued: 2024-04-03T13:37:11.745375
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-04-05T12:32:07.824020
temporal: 1662 - 2023
description: This compressed repository contains the processed datasets of species occurrence records (from GBIF) that were taxon-matched (WoRMS/LifeWatch) and analysed in the manuscript "Global species hotspots and COI barcoding cold spots of marine Gastropoda," as well as the R script used for analysis and visualisation. The datasets contain species occurrence metadata of both dated/undated and geotagged/ungeotagged records, taxonomic information of the accepted extant marine gastropod species, and the metadata of COI barcodes (deposited in BOLD) and of available complete mitochondrial genomes (NCBI). The raw species occurrence dataset compiling all recorded, present (i.e., non-absent) occurrences of gastropods (N = 11,085,172) can be downloaded at the GBIF portal (https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.qgsn2b).
keyword: bold
keyword: coi barcoding
keyword: gastropoda
keyword: gbif
keyword: global biodiversity
keyword: marine
keyword: worms
landing page: Datasets and R files
theme: Research

Former Aberystwyth microfossil collection
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Giles Miller
issued: 2016-11-24T15:20:46.742971
license: License not specified
modified: 2025-08-28T21:50:40.128748
description: A catalogue of information about discrete collections within the Former Aberystwyth University Micropalaeontology Collection, now housed the Natural History Museum. The catalogue is designed for **university academics** and **industrial micropalaeontologists** interested in post-Palaeozoic ostracods and foraminifera. Collection records generally include: * the title of the study that produced the collection * information about the collector * any associated documentation (e.g. thesis, record file or publications) held at the Museum. * brief geological ages based on the Gradstein et al. (1996) geological timescale * locality information. The database is searchable by surname, year, fossil type, collector, country/sea/ocean, or by stratigraphical unit.
landing page: Former Aberystwyth Microfossil Collection
theme: Collections

Earthworm Watch data
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Victoria Burton; Alan G. Jones; Lucy Robinson; Paul Eggleton; Andy Purvis
issued: 2023-07-13T15:37:22.974339
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2024-04-18T09:37:30.522491
temporal: 2016-2018
description: Cleaned and anonymised data from the Earthworm Watch citizen science project run by the Natural History Museum, London and Earthwatch Institute (Europe) April 2016 to August 2018. Includes imputed and reshaped data used for the submitted manuscript paper Earthworm Watch: modelling the functional distribution of UK earthworms using a matched pair citizen science survey.
keyword: earthworms
keyword: soil biodiversity
landing page: Earthworm Watch data - imputed
landing page: Earthworm Watch - functional group data
landing page: Earthworm Watch cleaned data
theme: Citizen Science

Atlas of Living Malaysia
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Robyn Crowther; Phaedra Kokkini; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Laurence Livermore
issued: 2019-09-17T13:05:22.784952
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:32:37.150784
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Atlas of Living Malaysia project comprises the records of pre-selected pinned insect specimens at the Natural History Museum, London. It includes representatives of over 5,000 species that occur in Malaysia and the surrounding regions, including material collected by Alfred Russel Wallace along with his personal collection. Pinned insect specimens from the following 13 Orders were digitised: Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, and Trichoptera. Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or additional views of the specimen (ventral and/or lateral). The data resource is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and the non-governmental organisation ECOMY (Ecotourism and Conservation Society of Malaysia).
keyword: alfred russel wallace
keyword: blattodea
keyword: coleoptera
keyword: dermaptera
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: diptera
keyword: ecomy
keyword: hemiptera
keyword: hymenoptera
keyword: lepidoptera
keyword: mantodea
keyword: neuroptera
keyword: odonata
keyword: orthoptera
keyword: phasmatodea
keyword: pinned insects
keyword: trichoptera
landing page: Atlas of Living Malaysia specimens
theme: Collections

The Herbarium of William Bartram (1739 – 1823)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Debra Turner; Mark Carine
issued: 2025-02-20T20:12:37.888054
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-04-01T08:41:09.289732
temporal: 1773-1776
description: The renowned artist & naturalist William Bartram was born in in Kingsessing, near Philadelphia in 1739, the son of acclaimed horticulturalist John Bartram. His love of nature & skills of observation & artistry were honed on many botanical collecting trips with his father (Magee, 2019). With the financial support of the English Quaker, botanist and collector John Fothergill, Bartram undertook an extended expedition to the southeastern United States between 1773 and 1776 “for the discovery of rare & useful productions of nature, chiefly in the vegetable kingdom”.. Exploring Georgia in 1773, he then travelled to Florida the following year before a journey that took him through North Carolina, west Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi over the following two years. In 1791, Bartram published his Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, an account of those explorations between 1773 and 1776. The specimens collected by Bartram during his 1773-1776 expedition are preserved at the NHM. They were originally sent to Fothergill, his patron, between 1774 and 1776. An additional set of specimens were sent by Bartram to Robert Barclay (1751-1830), one of the founders of the Linnean Society of London, in 1786. Some of the latter were duplicates that he had retained but others represented species that were not represented in the earlier sets of specimens sent to Fothergill. The specimens are arranged in seven books as follows: Book I. East Florida Plants. For Doct. Fothergill London Doct[o]r L. Chalmers. [50 specimens] Book II. East Florida Plants. [30 specimens] Book A. For Doctor Fothergill. Specimens. Plants of Province of Georgia. [30 specimens] Book B. On way to Cherokee Country. [52 specimens] Book C. For Doctr Fothergill. Remarks on the Specimens of Plants natives of So. Carolina. [26 specimens] Book [D]. [Presumably West Florida]. [19 specimens] Book [E]. Mr Barclay’s Book. [38 specimens] Many of the specimens have detailed notes accompanying them.…
landing page: Specimens
theme: Collections

The Herbarium of Samuel Dale M.D. (1659-1739)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Mark Carine
issued: 2023-06-29T09:04:46.187875
license: cc-by
modified: 2025-04-01T08:37:44.364822
temporal: 1692-1739
description: Samuel Dale was born in 1659. He was apprenticed as an apothecary before moving to practice in Braintree, Essex in 1680. There, he befriended John Ray and began to pursue an interest in botany. Dale assisted Ray in the preparation of several publications and was became a correspondent of Sloane and Petiver. In 1693, he published Pharmacologia. He also contributed papers on natural history to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In later life, Dale was licenced as a physician by the Royal College of Physicians. Dale assembled a herbarium that was bequeathed to the Society of Apothecaries following his death. It was kept at Chelsea Physic Garden as a discrete collection housed in specially made oak presses until 1869 when it was transferred to the British Museum. It was subsequently moved to South Kensington in 1881. Today, it forms part of the Herbarium of the Natural History Museum. Dale’s herbarium comprises 2827 specimens, 458 of which have another collector named. The remainder (2369 specimens) we consider to have been collected by Dale himself. The collections span the period from 1692 until 1739, the year of Dale’s death. Almost all of the dated specimens collected by Dale were made after 1709. Essex and Suffolk feature prominently among English localities although English gardens represent a more significant source of specimens. There are 435 specimens from Chelsea Physic Garden (collected between 1704 and 1738); 115 specimens from William Sherard’s garden in Eltham, most collected between 1722 and 1726; 41 from the Oxford Botanic Garden (collected in 1709); and 27 from Fulham Palace collected in 1711. Other notable gardens represented include those of Lord Petre (Old Thorndon Hall), Blathwayt (Dyrham Park), Jekyll (Hedingham), Fairchild (Hoxton), Collinson (Peckham), the Duchess of Beaufort (Chelsea), Uvedale (Enfield), Sir Charles Wager (Fulham) and DuBois (Mitcham). There are collections from Dale’s own garden and one specimen from the garde…
landing page: Additional labels
landing page: Specimens
theme: Collections

The former British Petroleum microfossil collection
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Andrew S Henderson; Giles Miller; Geoff Eaton
issued: 2016-11-23T15:35:09.962421
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2025-08-28T22:25:31.912265
temporal: 1950 onwards
description: The database represents the microfossil well-run collection resulting from British Petroleum's exploration activities since the 1950s. It holds details of material from over 3,500 individual well runs. The main purpose of the database is to allow researchers to identify material of interest, based on its geographical location. Please note that if you're using Excel to work with this dataset, you will need to import the .csv file as text and specifically set the 'Well_Name' and 'Well_Number' column data types to 'text' to avoid corruption of the data.
landing page: Former British Petroleum microfossil collection data
theme: Collections

The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Jacek Wajer
issued: 2022-08-22T11:53:30.837197
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2026-02-03T10:40:58.912617
description: ## Project Summary Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) introduced the consistent use of binomial names for both plants and animals, validly publishing over 9,000 plant names. Since 1981 the Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project, based at The Natural History Museum, has been collating and cataloguing information on published type designations for Linnaean plant names and, where none exists, has been collaborating with specialists in designating appropriate types. A type specimen is one which is permanently associated with a given scientific name, and acts as a permanent reference collection to confirm the identity of the species to which the name must apply. The Project's main aim is to promote nomenclatural stability in Linnaean plant names by establishing clear typifications for each of the names involved. The Project is necessarily international in scope, receiving enquiries and requests for information on Linnaean names from all over the world. We are always keen to develop further collaboration with taxonomic or regional specialists in the evaluation of Linnaean names and their types. Based at The Natural History Museum, the Project is also indebted to the Linnean Society of London for generous grant support. For more information, see the 'Supplementary Information' resource.
keyword: botany
keyword: linnaeus
keyword: types
landing page: Original Material
landing page: Supplementary information
landing page: Linnaean Plant Names
theme: Research

Artefacts
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-D
creator: Natural History Museum
issued: 2014-12-15T12:55:44.603705
license: cc-by
modified: 2023-07-24T15:48:44.476239
contact point: Natural History Museum
description: Cultural and historical artefacts from The Natural History Museum
landing page: Artefacts
theme: Collections

Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal both underestimation and overestimation of species diversity in northern rain frogs (Craugastor)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Jeffrey Streicher; John Wiens; Merlijn Jocqué; Uri García-Vázquez; Eric Smith
issued: 2023-08-08T16:37:40.086777
license: odc-by
modified: 2024-01-19T13:32:29.451654
description: Among direct-developing rain frogs of the genus _Craugastor_ is a clade of 19 described species (_bocourti_ series) that occur in Mexico and northern Central America. Many of these 19 species have been described based on subtle morphological differences and have never been examined using molecular data. Here, we used a multilocus dataset (one mitochondrial (mtDNA) and four nuclear (nDNA) gene fragments; totaling 3,048 concatenated base pairs) to investigate species limits and phylogenetic relationships among 60 northern rain frogs referable to 12 species with a focus on species from Guatemala. We inferred phylogenies using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses on separate mtDNA and nDNA datasets. Concatenated and coalescent species-tree analyses support the monophyly of multiple species, with interspecific relationships mostly unresolved. These mtDNA and nDNA trees were often incongruent with morphology-based taxonomy. For example, two genetically shallow clades contained individuals referable to at least five described species, whereas a single described species contained deep divergences indicative of multiple cryptic species. These findings indicate that morphology-based taxonomy has both overestimated and underestimated actual species diversity (depending on the species), an interpretation supported by two molecular species-delimitation procedures. Based on these findings we synonymize _C. glaucus_ (Lynch, 1967) and _C. stuarti_ (Lynch, 1967) with _C. xucanebi_ (Stuart, 1941). We also synonymize _C. nefrens_ (Smith, 2005) and _C. cyanochthebius_ McCranie & Smith, 2006 with _C. campbelli_ (Smith, 2005). The molecular data also support multiple undescribed species, notably within _C. decoratus_ (Taylor, 1942). Overall, we show how morphology-based species delimitation can both underestimate and overestimate species richness in morphologically conservative groups.
keyword: brachycephaloidea
keyword: craugastor bocourti species series
keyword: cryptic species
keyword: honduras
keyword: phylogeny
keyword: species delimitation
keyword: terraranae
landing page: Nuclear time-calibrated tree
landing page: Mitochondrial alignment (Mega formatted)
landing page: Nuclear ML tree
landing page: Nuclear alignment (MrBayes formatted)
landing page: Mitochondrial ML tree
landing page: Mitochondrial time-calibrated tree
theme: Research

The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by The Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1 (Open Access, Limited Release)
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Adriana De Palma; Sara Contu; Gareth E Thomas; Connor Duffin; Sabine Nix; Andy Purvis
issued: 2024-10-07T10:40:03.311731
license: Other (Non-Commercial)
modified: 2025-08-05T15:38:30.619503
temporal: 2000-2020
description: A temporally limited release of The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by the Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1 is made available here for non-commercial use under a CC-BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this data, you agree to be bound by these terms. For the most recent, complete dataset (annual, from 2000 to 2020 with regular updates, and improved spatial resolution), or to use the data for commercial use, please contact biodiversityfuturesexplorer@nhm.ac.uk. © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.
landing page: The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by The Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1 (Open Access, Limited Release)
theme: Research

CT scans of H.M.S. Challenger sediments
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Stergios Zarkogiannis; Thomas Wood; Giles Miller; Stephen Stukins; Brett Clark
issued: 2024-08-09T16:16:24.391544
license: cc-by-sa
modified: 2025-03-21T15:01:16.807303
description: This represents the ct scan dataset from a paper entitled "Reassessing the HMS Challenger collection as a late 19th century surface ocean indicator using X-ray microcomputed tomography" by Stergios Zarkogiannis, Thomas Wood, C. Giles Miller, Stephen Stukins and Brett Clark. Plankton tow net samples collected during the HMS Challenger expedition (1872–1876) have highlighted the potential to provide an unique window into past oceanic conditions. This study aims to assess the suitability of HMS Challenger sediment samples as indicators of late 19th century surface oceanic conditions using X-ray micro-computed tomography (mCT). We used mCT to examine all 21 available Challenger samples from the global ocean that were labelled as ‘tow-net at dredge’, ‘weights’, or ‘trawl’. Our analysis reveals that most samples contain benthic foraminifera shells, along with high concentrations of foraminiferal fragments and detrital quartz grains, while the remaining samples consist of sedimentary material devoid of calcareous microfossils. These findings suggest that these tow-net samples include resuspended bottom sediments rather than exclusively surface-derived material. This distinction is critical because it demonstrates that two types of Challenger tow-net samples exist: surface ocean samples and deep-water tow-net samples that incorporate seafloor material. The surface tow-net samples were recently located and are referenced in this study. These findings highlight the importance of re-evaluating historical sediment collections with modern analytical techniques to ensure accurate paleoceanographic interpretations. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of mCT as a non-destructive tool for sediment analysis, allowing for the detailed examination of collections without the need for washing or wet sieving.
keyword: deep sea sediment
keyword: h.m.s. challenger
keyword: tow net
keyword: x-ray computed tomography
landing page: Station-12-298.zip
landing page: Station-11-297.zip
landing page: Station-22-348.zip
landing page: Station-14-300.zip
landing page: Station-17-332.zip
landing page: Station-20-334.zip
landing page: Station-15-317.zip
landing page: Station-19-333.zip
landing page: Station-9-296.zip
landing page: Station-8-280.zip
landing page: Station-16-323.zip
landing page: Station-5-253.zip
landing page: Station-7-280.zip
landing page: Station-3-241.zip
landing page: Station-6-272.zip
landing page: Station-2-218.zip
landing page: Station-1-157.zip
landing page: Station-4-241.zip
landing page: Station-10-296.zip
landing page: Station-21-335.zip
landing page: Station-18-332.zip
theme: Research

Ludlow Museum Fossils in Shropshire Project data
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-Q
contributor: Greg Phillpotts Paul Weedon Joan Mason Keith Poynton Joe Botting Lucy Muir Michael Rosenbaum Kate Andrew Giles Miller
creator: Person
  has affiliation: Friends of the Ludlow Museum, Ludlow Museum Resource Centre
  fn: Daniel Lockett; Jacqueline Tweddle
issued: 2017-05-11T14:13:02.586153
license: CC0-1.0
modified: 2024-06-07T09:25:39.505073
temporal: Precambrian to Holocene
description: The Fossils in Shropshire project dataset includes collections data and images of geological specimens from Shropshire Museums collections. The collection is principally comprised of paleontological specimens from Shropshire and the Welsh Marches and illustrates Shropshire’s diverse geology. It also has representative material from the rest of Britain and further afield. The most important or illustrative examples from this diverse collection are being digitised and key information captured by a small team of staff and volunteers. The project aims to increase awareness and access to this collection and is managed by the Friends of Ludlow Museum. The project is based at Ludlow Museum Resource Centre where the bulk of the 35,000 specimens are stored. Further information can be obtained at the following project website. http://fishproject2020.wixsite.com/news
keyword: fossil
keyword: geology
keyword: ludlow museum and resource centre
keyword: minerals
keyword: shropshire
landing page: Fossils in Shropshire
theme: Collections

Micropalaeontology student thesis collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-A
creator: Person
  fn: Library and Archives
issued: 2023-11-06T23:47:46.225048
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-05-09T09:40:15.804371
temporal: 1955-2007
description: The NHM holds micropalaeontology thesis slide collections from the University of Hull, University College London, Imperial College London and University College of Wales, Aberystwyth along with other theses relating to students supervised by staff or other donated collections. Most of these collections are unregistered so a listing is posted here to draw attention to their availability. All of these theses are registered in the library catalogue and a link to each library catalogue record is provided. A small number of theses listed do not have associated slide collections in our holdings.
keyword: micropalaeontology
keyword: slide collections
keyword: thesis
landing page: PROTOZOA THESES_updatedMay2024.xlsx
theme: Collections

Aphidoidea Slide Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Peter Wing; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Joseph Deane; Noelia Gahan; Ying Luo; Skye Neal; Megan Squire; Glory Turnbull; Larissa Welton; Chrissy Williams; Janice Wu; Louise Allan; Krisztina Lohonya; Chiho Ikebe; Marla Spencer; Hillery Warner; Paul Andrew Brown
issued: 2024-03-01T10:37:08.788435
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-07-30T11:22:58.261780
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The Aphidoidea collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted Aphidoidea material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of the project completion (December 2023). This includes the main collection and discrete collection of Frederick Vincent Theobald. Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status, country level collection locality. Additional images were taken to capture any information on the reverse of the slides and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.
keyword: aphidoidea
keyword: aphids
keyword: digital collections
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: entomology
keyword: hemiptera
keyword: microscope slides
keyword: theobald
landing page: Aphidoidea Slide Collection Specimens
theme: Collections

World and European Brassicales Collection
type: Dataset
accrual periodicity: freq-M
creator: Person
  fn: Peter Baker; Clare Booth-Downs; Yoke-Shum Broom; Robyn Crowther; Melis Erdem; Pauline Heathcote; Neil Ireland; Phaedra Kokkini; Renee Miller; Ranee Om Prakash; Sarah Price; Judith Rose; Judith Shorter; Michelle Sutton; Hillery Warner; Peter Wing; Jovita C. Yesilyurt; Louise Allan
issued: 2019-09-17T14:45:08.376636
license: cc-zero
modified: 2024-08-30T13:02:57.900105
temporal: pre 1850 to present day
description: The World and European Brassicales collections comprises the records of all the sheet-mounted material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (April 2019). Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (barcode), taxon information and geographical locality. The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and V Factor programme.
keyword: brassicales
keyword: digital collections programme
keyword: herbarium sheets
landing page: World Brassicales specimens
landing page: European Brassicales specimens
theme: Collections

NHM Botanical Types Georeferenced for Australia
type: Dataset
creator: Natural History Museum
issued: 2023-09-27T11:19:58.503214
license: cc-by
modified: 2023-10-03T11:07:58.043264
temporal: 1800-2010
description: This data contains the georeferenced locations of the Botanical TYPES held at the Natural History Museum that have been collected in Australia. Each location Lat and Long has been carefully georeferenced, using label information from the specimen, and collector research. All sources of information have been noted in the notes. The data can be downloaded and imported to ArcGIS Pro or Google Earth and shows the spatial location of NHM Botanical TYPES specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London.
keyword: botanical collections
keyword: georeferenced
keyword: gis
keyword: global biodiversity
keyword: types
landing page: NHM Australia Botancial TYPES.xlsx
landing page: NHM Australia Botancial TYPES
theme: Collections

Global maps of Biodiversity Intactness Index (Sanchez-Ortiz et al., 2019 - bioRxiv )
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Katia Sanchez-Ortiz; Ricardo E Gonzalez; Adriana De Palma; Tim Newbold; Samantha L L Hill; Jason Tylianakis; Igor Lysenko; Luca Borger; Andy Purvis
issued: 2019-03-13T09:52:39.566204
license: License not specified
modified: 2024-07-15T14:03:22.162886
temporal: 2005
description: Global maps of biodiversity intactness for the year 2005 (Abundance-based BII and Richness-based BII). These high-resolution rasters were used to plot Figure 1 in "Land-use and related pressures have reduced biotic integrity more on islands than on mainlands" (Sanchez-Ortiz et al., 2019). We have updated methods previously used to estimate BII globally (Newbold et al., 2016) to allow pressure effects to differ between islands and mainlands, while also implementing some other recent improvements in modelling.
landing page: Global maps of Biodiversity Intactness from Sanchez-Ortiz et al. (2019) (bioRxiv)
theme: Research

Data from the "Back to the water" project
type: Dataset
creator: Person
  fn: Travis Park; Gustavo Burin; Graham J Slater; Natalie Cooper
issued: 2022-05-10T14:55:39.374865
license: cc-by
modified: 2024-07-02T12:25:11.780682
description: Data from papers published as part of Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant (RPG-2019-323): Back to the water: macroevolutionary dynamics of secondarily aquatic tetrapods. These data have been used in two papers. > **Paper 1**: Burin, G., Park, T., James, T.D, Slater, G.J. & Cooper, N. 2023. The dynamic adaptive landscape of cetacean body size. Current Biology, 33, 1787–1794. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.014. See `README_PAPER1.md` and https://github.com/gburin/bodysize-evolution-cetacea for more details. > **Paper 2**: Park, T., Burin, G., Lazo-Cancino, D., Rees, J.P.G., Rule, J.P., Slater, G.J., Cooper, N. 2024. Charting the course of pinniped evolution: insights from molecular phylogeny and fossil record integration. Evolution, 78, 1212-1226. DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae061. See `README_PAPER2.md` and https://github.com/nhcooper123/pinniped-macro for more details.
keyword: cetacea
keyword: fossil
keyword: total length
landing page: Output from Fabric model
landing page: References_Fossil-proxy-measurement-data.txt
landing page: pinniped-all-geography_9areas.txt
landing page: pinniped_areas_new_GB_phylip-JRule_edit-nocomments.txt
landing page: imputed_data_wZBL.RDS
landing page: fulldata_combined.csv
landing page: noextant.tre
landing page: median_tree.tre
landing page: baleen_wZBL.tre
landing page: README_PAPER1.md
landing page: node-labels-tree.png
landing page: full_wZBL.tre
landing page: noimput_wZBL.tre
landing page: full.tre
landing page: DECJ-all-node-probabilities.csv
landing page: pinniped_median_fossil.tre
landing page: pinniped_median_extant.tre
landing page: DEC-all-node-probabilities.csv
landing page: pinniped-tree-extant_9areas.tre
landing page: extant.tre
landing page: noarchaeo.tre
landing page: final_tree_cetacea.tre
landing page: noextant_wZBL.tre
landing page: noarchaeo_wZBL.tre
landing page: README_PAPER2.md
landing page: baleen.tre
landing page: timeperiods-all_9areas.txt
landing page: toothed.tre
landing page: pinniped_median_full.tre
landing page: noimput.tre
landing page: pinniped-tree-fossil_9areas.tre
landing page: pinniped_median_fossil_noanc.tre
landing page: pinniped-fossil-geography_9areas.txt
landing page: pinniped-extant-geography_9areas.txt
landing page: pinniped-tree-all_9areas.tre
landing page: Total-length-data-from-literature.csv
landing page: Extant-proxy-measurement-data.csv
landing page: Fossil-proxy-measurement-data.csv
landing page: pinniped_median_noanc.tre
landing page: References_Total-length-data-from-literature.txt
landing page: toothed_wZBL.tre
theme: Research

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fn: Ben Scott

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has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Katia Sanchez Ortiz

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Global Asteroidea Occurrence Dataset.csv
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 16220105.0
media type: text/csv

Linnean Butterfly Types
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 28686.0
media type: text/csv

Minchin et al (2024) British and Irish Botany ITS alignment.txt
type: Distribution
description: ITS alignment
format: TXT
byte size: 59945.0
media type: text/plain

Ray_Bate_ostracods_WAfrica.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: The file contains a listing of a 311 slide taxonomic reference collection of mainly Cretaceous non-marine ostracods from West Africa as well as a listing of the contents of 4 slide cabinets holding associated assemblage materials. Items in red were added as the details were gathered from slides with more complete information. Items in green were added following a review of associated logging sheets and reports on file at the NHM.
format: CSV
byte size: 83643.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

long_data.csv
type: Distribution
description: We calculated the mean values for each year of the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) (weighted by cell area) as well as a number of pressure variables (as change in pressures drive change in BII). We used cross-validation (leaving one biome out in turn) to provide decadal upper and lower uncertainty margins for BII. The variables include: bii: mean Biodiversity Intactness Index crops: mean grid cell fraction assigned to annual, perennial and nitrogen-fixing crops pastureland: mean grid cell fraction assigned to pasture and rangeland urban extent: mean grid cell fraction assigned to urban highintensityag: mean grid cell fraction assigned to high-intensity agriculture (annual, perennial and nitrogen fixing crops and pasture) qualitynatural: primary and mature secondary vegetation that is either under minimal or light use hpd: mean human population density Area codes correspond to the UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions. See associated json file. The summary data are provided for all variables in long format (i.e., one row for each scenario, year, variable and area code combination). Previous version included only data for 2000-2050, and did not include uncertainty limits.
format: CSV
byte size: 30229598.0
media type: text/csv

area_code.json
type: Distribution
description: json file providing area codes and names (using UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions).
format: JSON
byte size: 21165.0
media type: application/json

area_code_hier.json
type: Distribution
description: area codes, along with hierarchy information and names, using the UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions.
format: JSON
byte size: 18318.0
media type: application/json

long_data.rds
type: Distribution
description: We calculated the mean values for each year of the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) (weighted by cell area) as well as a number of pressure variables (as change in pressures drive change in BII). We used cross-validation (leaving one biome out in turn) to provide decadal upper and lower uncertainty margins for BII. The variables include: bii: mean Biodiversity Intactness Index crops: mean grid cell fraction assigned to annual, perennial and nitrogen-fixing crops pastureland: mean grid cell fraction assigned to pasture and rangeland urban extent: mean grid cell fraction assigned to urban highintensityag: mean grid cell fraction assigned to high-intensity agriculture (annual, perennial and nitrogen fixing crops and pasture) qualitynatural: primary and mature secondary vegetation that is either under minimal or light use hpd: mean human population density Area codes correspond to the UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions. See associated json file. The summary data are provided for all variables in long format (i.e., one row for each scenario, year, variable and area code combination). Previous version included only data for 2000-2050, and did not include uncertainty limits.
byte size: 1609383.0

JW_Office_Cabinets_Archaeology_slides.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: Listing of unregistered slides from John Whittaker's Archaeological Studies. Assemblage slides containing mainly Foraminifera and Ostracoda from sites studied in from the South of England.
format: CSV
byte size: 103646.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Dale Catalogue to the Ray Herbarium
type: Distribution
description: A transcription of the catalogue to the John Ray Herbarium produced by Samuel Dale (1659-1739). Updated on 23/12/2025 to include links to images of corresponding pages in Samuel Dale's catalogue to the herbarium.
format: XLSX
byte size: 98357.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

John Ray Herbarium sheets
type: Distribution
description: Records and images of the herbarium sheets contained in the Herbarium of John Ray. The data can be viewed as a table, with links to the images, in a list view which displays thumbnails of the image alongside the data for each sheet or as a gallery of images of herbarium sheets The following information is provided for each sheet: the fascicle; folio number; NHM registration number (a nine digit number with a BM prefix which should be used when citing an individual sheet); url for the image on the NHM dataportal. Images may be downloaded at the original resolution and used under a CC-BY licence (acknowledging the copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum). For further details see https://data.nhm.ac.uk/terms-conditions.
format: XLSX
byte size: 51984.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Museum grounds specimens
type: Distribution
format: XLS
byte size: 18590.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Thysanoptera Slide Collection specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the “Thysanoptera Slide Collection” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Ocean_Bottom_Deposits_updated_24Sep24.csv
type: Distribution
description: A Darwin Core export of all of the records on the NHM Data Portal relating to the Ocean Bottom Deposits Collection. Each line in the data may refer to multiple items. Sometimes these may have been allocated separate records that need to be searched for in the data portal. Please contact the dataset curator if you are interested to know about material available for any of these samples.
format: CSV
byte size: 7166862.0
media type: text/csv

State-of-the-Worlds-Seaweeds_2025.pdf
type: Distribution
description: The state of the world’s seaweeds is an up-to-date review, prompted by an urgent need to conserve and protect the world’s seaweeds in the face of devastating impacts due to human activities and the triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. Bringing together multiple sources of evidence on global seaweed distribution, habitats and ecosystem services, with how seaweeds are threatened, protected and restored, this document provides the evidence for a Seaweed Breakthrough conservation initiative.
format: PDF
media type: application/pdf

gbif-reptiles-2021-04-21.txt.zip
type: Distribution
description: Raw data from GBIF. Please cite GBIF if you use this data: > GBIF, GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ub7yfv. Accessed 21st April 2021. (2021). (reptiles)
format: ZIP
byte size: 644353064.0
media type: application/zip

wild-sex-ratios.csv
type: Distribution
description: Data for wild sex ratios comparisons in supplementary materials. * **class** = taxonomic class * **order** = order * **family** = family * **binomial** = species binomial name * **skew** = which sex is usually more abundant in a population. Either "Male biased", "Female biased" or "Variable/Equal". * **notes** = any notes about the above * **source** = data source. * **female** = % female specimens for the main dataset
format: CSV
byte size: 12569.0
media type: text/csv

gbif-amphibians-2021-04-21.txt.zip
type: Distribution
description: Raw data from GBIF. Please cite GBIF if you use this data: > GBIF, GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.vnu6bk. Accessed 21st April 2021 (2021). (amphibians)
format: ZIP
byte size: 503404477.0
media type: application/zip

amphib_names.txt
type: Distribution
description: List of accepted amphibian names and synonyms. Downloaded from: > Frost DR, Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.1 (Accessed 21st April 2022). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001 (2022). 502 28
format: TXT
byte size: 1475838.0
media type: text/plain

all-specimen-data-2021-07.csv
type: Distribution
description: This is a tidied version of specimen records data downloaded from GBIF. If using this data please cite the sources listed below. The raw data input files come from: * GBIF, GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.vnu6bk. Accessed 21st April 2021 (2021). (amphibians) * GBIF, GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ub7yfv. Accessed 21st April 2021. (2021). (reptiles) Columns contain the following. * **institutionCode** = museum the specimen came from. See GBIF for. * **specID** = Specimen ID (made up of institutionCode_specimen ID). * **sex** = Female or Male. * **class** = Amphibians or Reptiles. * **order** = Order. * **continent** = Continent specimen was collected from. * **countryCode** = Code for country * **year** = Year of collection. * **decade** = Decade of collection. * **typeStatus** = NA if not a type, if a type the kind of type (e.g. Holotype, Syntype etc.) is listed. * **type** = Type or NonType. * **iucnRedListCategory** = IUCN Red List category * **family** = Family. * **binomial** = Species binomial name * **genus** = Genus. * **higher1** = Higher taxonomic grouping 1 * **higher2** = Higher taxonomic grouping 2
format: CSV
byte size: 39615229.0
media type: text/csv

halfwaydone.csv
type: Distribution
description: Helper file used as a placeholder half way through the data wrangling script. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/sex-bias-herps for more details.
format: CSV
byte size: 34171383.0
media type: text/csv

reptile_checklist_2020_12.csv
type: Distribution
description: List of accepted reptile names and synonyms. Downloaded from: > Uetz, P., Freed, P., Aguilar, R. & Hosˇek, J., The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed April 2022. (2022).
format: CSV
byte size: 2018158.0
media type: text/csv

body-size-herps-SA-NC-2022-02-09.csv
type: Distribution
description: Raw body size and sexual size dimorphism data. * **order** = order. * **family** = family. * **binomial** = species binomial. * **Nspecs** = number of specimens in the bias dataset.* **max_body_size_mm** = maximum recorded body size for the species, i.e. snout-vent-length (SVL) or for turtles carapace length. In mm. * **body_size_refs** = source of body size data. * **larger_sex** = which sex is larger. "Males", "Females" or "Neither". * **max_male** = maximum recorded body size for males of the species, i.e. snout-vent-length (SVL) or for turtles carapace length. In mm. * **max_female** = maximum recorded body size for females of the species, i.e. snout-vent-length (SVL) or for turtles carapace length. In mm. * **sex_size_ref** = source for sex disaggregated body size data. Full references can be found in `reference-list.csv`
format: CSV
byte size: 71302.0
media type: text/csv

extra-data-unsexed-2022-07.csv
type: Distribution
description: As for "extra-data-sexed" but includes unsexed records. * **sex** = Female, Male or NA
format: CSV
byte size: 1031500716.0
media type: text/csv

all-specimen-data-unsexed-2021-07.csv
type: Distribution
description: As for "all-specimen-data" but includes unsexed records. * **sex** = Female, Male or NA
format: CSV
byte size: 812630357.0
media type: text/csv

taxa_april2021.csv
type: Distribution
description: Total number of species in each amphibian and reptile order as of April 2022. Taken from: > Frost DR, Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.1 (Accessed 21st April 2022). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. doi.org/10.5531/db.vz.0001 (2022). 502 28 > Uetz, P., Freed, P., Aguilar, R. & Hosˇek, J., The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed April 2022. (2022). * **order** = order * **species** = number of species
format: CSV
byte size: 124.0
media type: text/csv

halfwaydone-unsexed.csv
type: Distribution
description: Helper file used as a placeholder half way through the data wrangling script for all sexed and unsexed specimens. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/sex-bias-herps for more details.
format: CSV
byte size: 691766796.0
media type: text/csv

reference-list.csv
type: Distribution
description: Full references for the body size and sexual dimorphism data in `body-size-herps-SA-NC-2022-02-09.csv`
format: CSV
byte size: 55884.0
media type: text/csv

gbif-reptiles-2021-04-21.txt.zip
type: Distribution
description: Raw data from GBIF. Please cite GBIF if you use this data: > GBIF, GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ub7yfv. Accessed 21st April 2021. (2021). (reptiles)
format: ZIP
byte size: 644353064.0
media type: application/zip

extra-data-sexed-2022-04.csv
type: Distribution
description: As for "all-specimen-data" but also includes: * **Nspecs** = number of specimens. * **max_body_size_mm** = maximum body size for the species in mm. Size is snout-vent length (SVL) for most species except turtles for which this is carapace length. * **body_size_refs** = Reference for maximum body size data. * **max_size_certainty** = Certainty level of maximum body size data. * **larger_sex** = which sex is larger - Female, Male or Neither. * **max_male** = maximum body size for males of the species in mm. * **max_female** = maximum body size for females of the species in mm. * **sex_size_ref** = Reference for maximum sex specific body size data. * **sex_size_certainty** = Certainty level of sex specific body size data. Raw body size and sexual size dimorphism data are in `body-size-herps-SA-NC-2022-02-09.csv` and the full references for each data point are in `reference-list.csv`
format: CSV
byte size: 47694394.0
media type: text/csv

gbif-amphibians-2021-04-21.txt.zip
type: Distribution
description: Raw data from GBIF. Please cite GBIF if you use this data: > GBIF, GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.vnu6bk. Accessed 21st April 2021 (2021). (amphibians)
format: ZIP
byte size: 503404477.0
media type: application/zip

metadata.csv
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 25056.0
media type: text/csv

2022 images
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 3888018226.0
media type: application/zip

FTIR data 2024-07-04
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 142954452.0
media type: application/zip

2021 images
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 6396017938.0
media type: application/zip

Raman data 2024-07-04
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 306680073.0
media type: application/zip

Cooper collection specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Cooper collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Range expansion analysis input (nex)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 1669374.0

SNP data (filtered)
type: Distribution
format: VCF
byte size: 39110725.0
media type: text/vcard

FineRAD structure input (prelim filtered)
type: Distribution
format: TXT
byte size: 8225066.0
media type: text/plain

EEMS input file (coord)
type: Distribution
format: TXT
byte size: 1692.0
media type: text/plain

FineRAD structure input (filtered)
type: Distribution
format: TXT
byte size: 2292656.0
media type: text/plain

Range expansion analysis input (csv)
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 4476.0
media type: text/csv

TreeMix input file
type: Distribution
format: GZ
byte size: 20982.0

EEMS input file (outer)
type: Distribution
format: TXT
byte size: 49.0

Geographical coordinates of samples
type: Distribution
format: TXT
byte size: 2379.0
media type: text/plain

EEMS input file (diffs)
type: Distribution
format: TXT
byte size: 88011.0

TreeMix input file (No Praslin)
type: Distribution
format: GZ
byte size: 19871.0

SNAPPER input file
type: Distribution
format: XML
byte size: 857011.0
media type: application/xml

Structure input file (filtered)
type: Distribution
format: STRU
byte size: 3414624.0

Structure input file (prelim filtered)
type: Distribution
format: STRU
byte size: 12012983.0

SNP data (prelim-filter)
type: Distribution
format: VCF
byte size: 142126353.0
media type: text/vcard

Occurrence data for USO in Solanum (SM3)
type: Distribution
description: A csv file of all occurrence records from Solanaceae Source used in the analyses of ecological role of underground storage organs in Solanum (Supplementary Material 3 file)
format: CSV
byte size: 11829346.0
media type: text/csv

Moisture Index Map (SM4)
type: Distribution
description: A tif file illustrating the Moisture Index Map, calculated according to the Splash algorithm, at a 30 arcsec spatial resolution (c. 1 km) used in the analyses (Supplementary Material 4 file)
format: TIFF
byte size: 984936672.0
media type: image/tiff

Imperial College Royal School of Mines Micropalaeontology Collection
type: Distribution
description: This dataset provides a drawer level listing of the Imperial College Royal School of Mines microfossil collection of mainly Foraminifera collected by Dr David Carter. It was compiled by Jonathan Whittaker and includes information about collections from 89 different countries worldwide. Significant collections include material from the Channel Tunnel investigations in the English Channel and for the Thames Barrier in the Thames Estuary. Column headers provide details of David Carter's own numbering system as well as location of collection details. Most slides are assemblage material but some are thin sections. Stratigraphic information is available via an associated card index.
format: CSV
byte size: 79623.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Imperial College Royal School of Mines Micropalaeontology Collection
type: Distribution

Sloane's annotations in Ray's Historia Plantarum
type: Distribution
description: Specimens referred by Sloane and his assistants to plant names described by John Ray in his Historia Plantarum (1686-1704) and to additional names recorded in the headers and footers.
format: CSV
byte size: 4611073.0
media type: text/csv

Data description and change log
type: Distribution
description: An explanation of the data included in the dataset. We recommend reading this guide before using the dataset.
format: PDF
byte size: 493312.0
media type: application/pdf

Diatoms Herbarium Collection
type: Distribution
description: This dataset provides a complete catalogue of the diatoms samples preserved dried on paper, glass and mica sheets and stored in packets glued to herbarium sheets. Each specimen has been databased to capture, minimally, its registration number (barcode) and the 'filed as' name, which may or may not be the currently accepted name. Most of these specimens have images associated with them, such as a photograph of the herbarium sheet.

Specimens from South America only
type: Distribution
description: Searchable csv file of South American (incl. the Juan Fernández islands) morelloid specimens examined for this monograph. Suppl. Mat. 2 in Knapp et al. (2023). Column headings are: Herbarium = herbarium acronym according to Index Herbariorum; Category = specimen or photograph of specimen; SpecID = brahms specimen ID; Brahms = Brahms collection event ID; Accession = accession number of specimen; Barcode = barcode of specimen; Collector = principal collector; Prefix = collection number prefix (if applicable); Number = collection number; Suffix = collection number suffix (if applicable); AddColl = additional collectors; Type = type of type; Type of = type of what species; Day = day of collection; Month = month of collection; Year = year of collection; DateRes = date resolution (if applicable); Family = plant family; Genus = genus name; Species = species epithet; Author = species author name(s); Continent = TDWG continent; Region = TDWG region; Country = country of collection; Majorarea = first political division; Minorarea = second political division; Gazetteer = nearby town or place; Locnotes = locality; Plantdesc = description of the plant; Habitattxt = vegetation characteristics; Lat = latitude; NS = north or south; Long = longitude; EW = east or west; LLunit = coordinate units (DD = decimal degrees; DM = decimal minutes; DMS = degrees, minutes, seconds); LLres = coordinate resolution; LLorig = origin of coordinates; LatLong = coordinates in DMS; LatDec = decimal latitude; LongDec = decimal longitude; Alt = elevation minimum; AltMax = elevation maximum; AltRes = elevation resolution; AltUnit = elevation units (all metres); AltRange = elevational range; Vernacular = common name; Language = language of common name (if known).
format: CSV
byte size: 5936479.0
media type: text/csv

All specimens
type: Distribution
description: Searchable csv file of all specimens examined for this monograph, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Caribbean, North and Central America, the Pacific and South America. Suppl. Mat. 3 in Knapp et al. (2023). Column headings are: Herbarium = herbarium acronym according to Index Herbariorum; Category = specimen or photograph of specimen; SpecID = brahms specimen ID; Brahms = Brahms collection event ID; Accession = accession number of specimen; Barcode = barcode of specimen; Collector = principal collector; Prefix = collection number prefix (if applicable); Number = collection number; Suffix = collection number suffix (if applicable); AddColl = additional collectors; Type = type of type; Type of = type of what species; Day = day of collection; Month = month of collection; Year = year of collection; DateRes = date resolution (if applicable); Family = plant family; Genus = genus name; Species = species epithet; Author = species author name(s); Continent = TDWG continent; Region = TDWG region; Country = country of collection; Majorarea = first political division; Minorarea = second political division; Gazetteer = nearby town or place; Locnotes = locality; Plantdesc = description of the plant; Habitattxt = vegetation characteristics; Lat = latitude; NS = north or south; Long = longitude; EW = east or west; LLunit = coordinate units (DD = decimal degrees; DM = decimal minutes; DMS = degrees, minutes, seconds); LLres = coordinate resolution; LLorig = origin of coordinates; LatLong = coordinates in DMS; LatDec = decimal latitude; LongDec = decimal longitude; Alt = elevation minimum; AltMax = elevation maximum; AltRes = elevation resolution; AltUnit = elevation units (all metres); AltRange = elevational range; Vernacular = common name; Language = language of common name (if known).
format: CSV
byte size: 9319047.0
media type: text/csv

Index to numbered collections South American morelloid Solanum
type: Distribution
description: A word file of all numbered specimens examined for this revision ordered by primary collector. Suppl. Mat. 1 in Knapp et al. (2023). Here we only cite numbered collections examined for this monograph from plants collected in South America (incl. the Juan Fernández islands). First collectors in collections made by two or more collectors are listed here rather than complete collector strings. Collections by anonymous collectors without date or other identifying features are not included. Morelloids are prone to being found in mixed collections, so where we have identified these, or have identified the same number used for a different taxon, we have added [a] or [b] in square brackets. Any suffixes not in square brackets are part of the original collection. All collections seen and full collector strings can be found in searchable csv files (SM 2 for South American collections; SM 3 for all collections of morelloids examined worldwide).
format: DOCX
byte size: 178526.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

Papilionoidea New Type Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the “Papilionoidea New Type” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Birdwing Butterfly Collection Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Birdwing Butterfly Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Convolvulaceae Digitisation
type: Distribution
description: Link to the “Convolvulaceae Digitisation” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

seabird-tree-2026
type: Distribution
description: This is a species-level pruned tree matched to the seabird list from Clements 2025 taxonomy. All species are present in this tree, except four species of *Sterna* with uncertain taxonomic placement. The original trees come from Claramunt et al 2025: BBtree3. Available from: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evolucionario/BigBirdTree
format: NEX
byte size: 30042.0

seabird-list-Clements2025
type: Distribution
description: # List of seabirds from Clements taxonomy Citation: Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2025. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2025. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Seabirds are defined as follows: 1. All Sphenisciformes (penguins) 1. All Procellariiformes (petrels, albatross etc.) 1. All Gaviiformes (divers/loons) 1. All Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) 1. All Suliformes (gannets, boobies etc.) except Anhingidae (anhingas) 1. Within Pelecaniformes, Pelecanidae (pelicans) 1. Within Charadriiformes, Laridae (gulls), Alcidae (auks), Stercorariidae (skuas) and Phalaropodini (phalaropes) 1. Within Anseriformes, Mergini (diving ducks) We also exclude the extinct species *Bulweria bifax, Camptorhynchus labradorius, Hydrobates macrodactylus, Mergus australis, Pinguinus impennis, Pterodroma caribbaea, Pterodroma rupinarum,* and *Urile perspicillatus*
format: CSV
byte size: 10489354.0
media type: text/csv

03_trait-data
type: Distribution
description: Species-specific data on behavioural and life-history traits were collected for each seabird species from Handbook of Birds of the World, 2025 and Dunning et al 2007. We focused on traits that have previously been used to explain observed patterns in plastic ingestion and traits which we theorised could increase vulnerability to plastic ingestion. These were diet, use of anthropogenic subsidies, foraging method, whether a species is a pelagic specialist, and body mass. Diet was categorised based on the presence or absence of prey types in the published diet descriptions: ‘carrion and non-fish vertebrates’, ‘cephalopods’, ‘crustaceans’, ‘fish’, or ‘other invertebrates’. Species were classified as using anthropogenic subsidies in the form of agricultural sources (i.e. following farm machinery of workers etc.), refuse (i.e. association with landfills etc.), or fisheries (i.e., attending trawlers, foraging on fisheries discards or offal, fish farms etc.). Foraging method was categorised based on the presence or absence of foraging methods: ‘aerial pursuit’, ‘bottom-feeding’, ‘diving’ (i.e. moving through the water powered by feet or wings), ‘plunging’ (including pursuit plunging and surface plunging from any height, or any submersion of head/body while feeding on the water's surface), ‘terrestrial-feeding’ (hunting live prey or scavenging on land), ‘scavenging’ (either terrestrially or on the water), ‘skimming’ (including hydroplaning), or ‘surface seizing’ (including dabbling, dipping, and pattering). Species were classified as pelagic specialists if they predominantly forage in the pelagic zone. Columns contain the following. * **HBWv8.1_Binomial**. Species name following Handbook of Birds of the World (HBW) v8.1 taxonomy. Note taxonomy is updated to Clements et al 2025 in the data cleaning stages. * **Link_species**. Link to the HBW species account. * **Feeding.Method.Simple**. Primary feeding method for each species. Options are: aerial pursuit, bottom-feeding, divi…
format: CSV
byte size: 501616.0
media type: text/csv

01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data
type: Distribution
description: This is the list of papers extracted from our literature searches, along with whether they were relevant (or not) and thus included in dataset **02_plastic-ingestion-data**. Full details of data collection are in the Supplementary Materials of the paper. In brief, papers were identified using Web of Science and/or Google Scholar searches using the following search terms: - “seabird* plastic OR debris OR pollution” - “plastic* gull OR shearwater OR albatross OR petrel OR penguin OR puffin OR auk OR guillemot OR murre* OR tern OR skua OR jaeger OR frigatebird OR booby OR gannet OR cormorant OR shag OR tropicbird OR merganser OR pelican OR phalarope OR scoter OR eider OR fulmar OR prion OR noddy OR gannet OR loon OR diver”. We considered peer-reviewed papers, research reports, conference proceedings and theses published to the end of 2024 and spanning 387 seabird species as defined by Gaston (2004), excluding eight extinct species (*Bulweria bifax, Camptorhynchus labradorius, Hydrobates macrodactylus, Mergus australis, Pinguinus impennis, Pterodroma caribbaea, Pterodroma rupinarum,* and *Urile perspicillatus*). We excluded articles and reports on species occurring only in freshwater, extinct species, captive populations, and studies reporting on cases of plastic entanglement or ingestion of non-plastic items, such as studies that pooled plastic with non-plastic marine debris (e.g., metal fishing hooks, natural fibres, artificially treated cellulose, rubber and glass). Both plastic-focused research and research where plastic was found incidentally, such as in traditional diet studies, were included. Plastics of all types (e.g., fragments, foam, sheets, fibres) and of all sizes were recorded. All publications discovered in literature searches were downloaded and recorded in **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data**, but only relevant studies were added to the dataset **02_plastic-ingestion-data**. Column contents are as follows. - **Source**. Shortened name of the source…
format: CSV
byte size: 246139.0
media type: text/csv

plastic-data-aggregated_2026
type: Distribution
description: Cleaned and aggregated dataset used in the analyses. To get from the raw data to this dataset see details on GitHub in script **01-data-preparation**. In brief we: - recalculate median year of each study to give a decimal number - standardise body size with TWO standard deviations, as suggested by Gelman 2008 - merge trait and plastic datasets - convert all No/Yes variables to binary 0/1. - add a column called tips which is the Binomial name with "_" to match the tree - aggregate age class into just two life history stages: free-flying and not (i.e. nestbound). We exclude nestbound birds but keep mixed studies. - remove columns we don't need in the analyses - remove a small number of NAs which we aren't able to work with. We lose a few studies, which include few species each, and one species with no diet info. We also aggregated the data because some studies separate birds into small groups (i.e. within-study sampling locations). However, for the purposes of meta-analyses, we are treating all observations as exchangeable (i.e. as replicates) if they: - are collected by the same authors (Source) - in the same Marine Region - in the same Year Columns are as follows. * **clements2025_binomial**. Species name matched to Clements et al 2025 taxonomy. * **tips**. Species name matched to Clements et al 2025 taxonomy with _ to match the phylogeny. * **order**. Taxonomic order. * **family**. Taxonomic family. * **freeflying**. Freeflying (adult, subadult, adult/subadult age class) or mixed. 1 (freeflying) or NA (mixed). Nestbound birds have been removed. * **source**. Source name in the form Author et al, YEAR. This matches the Source column in 01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data and 02-plastic-ingestion-data. **date_median**. Median year the study covered. **marine_region**. Ocean basin of study site. Options are Arctic, Indian, North Atlantic, North Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific, or Southern oceans. * **sampling_method**. Primary way that plastic samples were ob…
format: CSV
byte size: 345844.0
media type: text/csv

tips-to-add
type: Distribution
description: File explaining where to add missing species to the taxonomy of Claramunt et al 2025. Column contents are as follows. * **Species**. Name of missing species. * **Simple**. Is the taxon simple to add to the tree, i.e. can it just be added to an existing tip (yes) or does it require more complicated coding (no)? YES/NO. * **Tip**. For simple additions, the name of the tip that the missing species should be grafted onto. Otherwise the name of the group the missing species needs to be grafted onto. * **Branch**. The divergence time for the branch length of the new branch added when the missing species is grafter to the tree. * **Justification**. Justification for decisions in the previous columns. * **Source**. Reference for the decision.
format: CSV
byte size: 5277.0
media type: text/csv

full-species-list-2026
type: Distribution
description: Full list of 383 seabird species found in the Clements et al 2025 taxonomy and the Claramnut et al 2025 phylogeny, along with information on the number of birds sampled, number of plastic ingestion studies, number of birds ingesting plastic, mean weighted frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion, and whether or not plastic was recorded. For species not found in our plastic ingestion dataset, all entries are NA aside from FO which is zero. Column contents are as follows. * **tips**. Species name from Clements et al 2025 taxonomy. * **total_plastic**. Total number of birds recorded to ingest plastic. * **total_n**. Total number of birds studied. **species_FO**. Mean weighted frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion (i.e. total_plastic / total_n weighted by total_n. * **n_studies**. Number of plastic ingestion studies. * **plastic**. Does the species ingest plastic? Yes/No/NA for species that do not appear in our plastic ingestion dataset.
format: CSV
byte size: 15946.0
media type: text/csv

seabird-tree-plastic-2026
type: Distribution
description: This is a species-level pruned tree matched to the seabird list from Clements 2025 taxonomy, containing **ONLY** the 240 species we collated data from in *02-plastic-ingestion-data*. **This is the tree used in most of the analyses.** Trees come from Claramunt et al 2025: BBtree3. Available from: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evolucionario/BigBirdTree
format: NEX
byte size: 17969.0

02_plastic-ingestion-data
type: Distribution
description: Full details are available in the Supplementary Material of the paper. In brief, for each relevant publication in **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data** we extracted information on the age class of sampled birds, sample size of birds, year(s) in which sampling was conducted, sampling method (bolus, brushing, lavage, necropsy, regurgitation or scat) and ocean basin (Arctic, Indian, North Atlantic, North Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific, or Southern oceans). We categorised the reported age class of sampled individuals as ‘adult’, ‘subadult’, ‘adult/subadult’, ‘nest-bound’ (i.e., chicks or fledglings), and ‘mixed’. If birds were collected at sea and age class was not reported, sampled birds were categorised as ‘adult/subadult’ because they were not nest-bound. When multiple age classes were pooled (e.g., chicks and adults) or when age class could not be discerned, we categorised age class as ‘mixed’. Data from each source was divided to ensure separate sampling units for each combination of source, year, site, species, age class, and sampling method, depending on how much detail on data collection was provided in the paper. Literature that failed to report sample sizes of birds examined for plastic ingestion and/or sample sizes of birds found with plastic was not included in the dataset. Duplicate data from secondary research was removed as long as they were specified as such by the authors. Column contents are as follows. * **HBWv8.1_Binomial**. Species name matched to Handbook of Birds of the World v8.1 taxonomy. Note that the data cleaning steps prior to the analyses update these to the Clements et al 2025 taxonomy. * **UniqueID_Plastic.study**. A unique ID for the combination of source*year*site*species*ageclass. This number is not linked to the Source. * **Source**. Source name in the form Author et al, YEAR. This matches the Source column in **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data** . * **Common.name_Plastic.study**. Common name of the species as stated …
format: CSV
byte size: 539394.0
media type: text/csv

family-tree-2026.nex
type: Distribution
description: This is a family-level pruned tree matched to the seabird list from Clements 2025 taxonomy. Pruned tree from Claramunt et al 2025: BBtree3 at family-level Available from: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evolucionario/BigBirdTree
format: NEX
byte size: 1089.0

Specimen Tray Label Data
type: Distribution
description: These are the data used to create the labels.
format: CSV
byte size: 170440.0
media type: text/csv

Specimen Tray Labels
type: Distribution
format: PDF
byte size: 95944.0
media type: application/pdf

Specimen Tray Locations
type: Distribution
description: This table indicates which box the individual specimen tray labels have been stored in. It also include notes indicating labels that were not allocated and suggested updates for the data
format: CSV
byte size: 68644.0
media type: text/csv

Inventory of the Sloane Herbarium.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: An inventory of the Sloane Herbarium, including details of people and places listed in Dandy (1958)
format: CSV
byte size: 9540048.0
media type: text/csv

Data description and change log.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Description of each of the fields used in the dataset
format: PDF
byte size: 103391.0
media type: application/pdf

Plymouth University Microfossil Collection.pdf
type: Distribution
format: PDF
byte size: 33892.0
media type: application/pdf

Data references in CSV format
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 156825.0
media type: text/csv

Site-level summaries in RDS format
type: Distribution
format: RDS
byte size: 1211726.0

Data references in BibTeX format
type: Distribution
format: BIB
byte size: 204199.0
media type: text/plain

Description of data extract columns
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 8965.0
media type: text/csv

Database in RDS format
type: Distribution
format: RDS
byte size: 15161207.0

Site-level summaries in zipped CSV format
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 1035673.0
media type: application/zip

Database in zipped CSV format
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 26.0
media type: application/zip

Conodont collection database
type: Distribution
format: CSV

Psylloidea slide collection specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Psylloidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Hans Sloane's Vegetables and Vegetable Substances
type: Distribution
description: Catalogue records for Hans Sloane's vegetable and vegetable substances that survive in the botanical collections at the Natural History Museum.

Data description and change log
type: Distribution
description: A description of the datasets and details of changes made.
format: PDF
byte size: 134230.0
media type: application/pdf

Transcription of Hans Sloane's Catalogue of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: A transcription of Hans Sloane's three-volume catalogue to his Collection of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances. File updated 17 June 2024
format: XLSX
byte size: 1123603.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

WFO species names
type: Distribution
description: All angiosperm species names accepted in the December 2023 update of World Flora Online (www.wfo.org). These data are licensed CC0.
format: CSV
byte size: 15644405.0
media type: text/csv

R code for simulations
type: Distribution
description: R code used to simulate species description rates
format: R
byte size: 3121.0

IPNI species described since 2000
type: Distribution
description: Data downloaded from the International Plant Names Index representing species described since the year 2000. These data are licensed by IPNI as CC BY (see https://ipni.org/terms-and-conditions).
format: CSV
byte size: 103750817.0
media type: text/csv

WFO accepted genera and sizes December 2023 update
type: Distribution
description: All accepted genera and their number of component species in the December 2023 update of the World Flora Online (www.wfo.org). These data are licensed CC0.
format: CSV
byte size: 2897376.0
media type: text/csv

Read Me
type: Distribution
description: File describing the data files included
format: TXT
byte size: 1663.0
media type: text/plain

Castniidae specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Castniidae specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Aleyrodoidea slide collection specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Aleyrodoidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Seed plants fluid collections at the Natural History Museum
type: Distribution
description: The data set represents seed plants material stored in fluids, where several specimens have corresponding herbarium sheets in the General herbarium. The collections have been recently recurated with 70% IMS and are arranged jar-size wise. Although the collection is small with just over three thousand specimens, it is an important collection representing biodiversity around the world with some type specimens collected by several collectors spanning a time scale dating back to early 18th century. Those wishing to research and physically examine these collections are welcome to book an appointment with the curation team.

Index to the seed plants fluid collection.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: This Index to the collections is arranged as per family alphabetically. One can locate the collections taxa wise and looking at the cabinet/shelf/tray number on the right hand side of the table. Taxa names as recorded originally have been checked for current taxonomy and where names have changed, they are reflected in new determination. Country, locality details, habitat notes, plant description, name of the collector (s) followed by collection number, collection date and registration numbers (barcode numbers) of the specimens databased have also been given. Several specimens have corresponding herbarium sheets in the General Herbarium. Type specimens are highlighted in red.
format: XLSX
byte size: 646527.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Concatenated four-gene alignment
type: Distribution
description: Concatenated four gene alignment of partial 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, cox1 and cytb.
format: NEX
byte size: 157315.0

Y86720.csv
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 144275.0
media type: text/csv

Y86789.csv
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 144306.0
media type: text/csv

B7904.csv
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 144308.0
media type: text/csv

NHM Botanical Type Georeferenced for China
type: Distribution
description: This data contains the georeferenced locations of the Botanical TYPES held at the Natural History Museum that have been collected in Australia. Each location Lat and Long has been carefully georeferenced, using label information from the specimen, and collector research. All sources of information have been noted in the notes. The data can be downloaded and imported to ArcGIS Pro or Google Earth and shows the spatial location of NHM Botanical TYPES specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London.
format: CSV
byte size: 1021994.0
media type: text/csv

“British and Irish Agromyzidae (Diptera)” specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the “British and Irish Agromyzidae (Diptera)” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Chrysopidae Collection Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Chrysopidae Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

SNAPPER logfile outgroups (E)
type: Distribution
format: LOG
byte size: 1127458.0

SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1C)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 1549687.0

SNAPPER logfile ingroup (A)
type: Distribution
format: LOG
byte size: 1061048.0

SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1E)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 1089004.0

SNAPPER input file ingroup (Fig. 2, Fig. S1A)
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format: XML
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Supporting information
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 1100298.0
media type: application/zip

Clade IV PCA file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: VCF
byte size: 53777187.0
media type: text/vcard

Clade II STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: STRU
byte size: 759539.0

RAxML concatenated alignment
type: Distribution
format: PHY
byte size: 17753459.0

R commands for analyses and figures
type: Distribution
format: R
byte size: 96434.0

Sceloporus morphology data (population comparisons)
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 5479.0
media type: text/csv

Mexico map data used to make Fig. 1
type: Distribution
format: R
byte size: 336684.0

SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1C)
type: Distribution
format: XML
byte size: 1581785.0
media type: application/xml

SNAPPER logfile outgroups (C)
type: Distribution
format: LOG
byte size: 1175569.0

Clade I STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: STRU
byte size: 3643455.0

Sceloporus comparison data
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 3247.0
media type: text/csv

SNAPPER trees file ingroup (Fig. 2, Fig. S1A)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 1006829.0

Sceloporus climate data (population comparisons)
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 2989.0
media type: text/csv

RelTime dated tree
type: Distribution
format: TRE
byte size: 5904.0

TreeMix input file
type: Distribution
format: GZ
byte size: 7263.0

Clade III PCA file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: VCF
byte size: 31234916.0
media type: text/vcard

Sceloporus locality data (Fig. 1)
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 8963.0
media type: text/csv

SNAPPER logfile outgroups (B)
type: Distribution
format: LOG
byte size: 2158551.0

Sceloporus morphology data (clade comparisons)
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 2767.0
media type: text/csv

Sceloporus climate data (clade comparisons)
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 2099.0
media type: text/csv

SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1D)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 1456638.0

SNAPPER logfile outgroups (D)
type: Distribution
format: LOG
byte size: 1116759.0

SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1B)
type: Distribution
format: XML
byte size: 1477188.0
media type: application/xml

Clade II PCA file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: VCF
byte size: 20278113.0
media type: text/vcard

Clade IV STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: STRU
byte size: 3828125.0

SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1D)
type: Distribution
format: XML
byte size: 1640133.0
media type: application/xml

SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1E)
type: Distribution
format: XML
byte size: 2181957.0
media type: application/xml

Clade III STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: STRU
byte size: 1777129.0

RAxML concatenated ML tree
type: Distribution
format: TRE
byte size: 10219.0

SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1B)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 2084767.0

Clade I PCA file (Species delimitation)
type: Distribution
format: VCF
byte size: 37657678.0
media type: text/vcard

Summary Stats Echinoid Collection.xlsx
type: Distribution
format: XLSX
byte size: 13363.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Summary Stats Echinoid Collection.xlsx
type: Distribution
format: XLSX
byte size: 13363.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Data dictionary
type: Distribution
description: Description of the fields found in [JtD collection-level records](https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/join-the-dots-collection-level-descriptions/resource/660de433-447b-40ad-9aaf-77c98f8c2ba9)
format: CSV
byte size: 5868.0
media type: text/csv

JtD collection-level records
type: Distribution
description: Collection-level records describing the holdings of the Natural History Museum as of April 2025. See the dataset description and the other resources in this repository for more detail on navigating and interpreting this data: - [Data dictionary](https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/join-the-dots-collection-level-descriptions/resource/09b2f07b-9e77-44b7-8645-ddcba1266629) - [Join the Dots user manual](https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/join-the-dots-collection-level-descriptions/resource/6920d9c9-6ea4-415c-95c8-54512a70346c)
format: CSV
byte size: 896648.0
media type: text/csv

Join the Dots User Manual
type: Distribution
description: Documentation produced for NHM staff in 2018: a thorough overview of the Join the Dots data, processes and rationale. Some elements of the JtD framework have been amended slightly since this document was assembled, but it remains a useful reference for navigating the collection-level dataset presented in this package.
format: PDF
byte size: 8108818.0
media type: application/pdf

Specimen data for Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific (SM 2)
type: Distribution
description: A searchable csv file of all _Lycianthes_ specimens examined from the specific area treated (Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific) in the monograph. Column headings are: Herbarium = herbarium acronym acc. to Index Herbariorum; Category = specimen or photograph of specimen; SpecID = brahms specimen ID; Brahms = Brahms collection event ID; Accession = accession number of specimen; Barcode = barcode of specimen; Collector = principal collector; Prefix = collection number prefix (if applicable); Number = collection number; Suffix = collection number suffix (if applicable); AddColl = additional collectors; Type = type of type; Type of = type of what species; Day -= day of collection; Month = month of collection; Year = year of collection; DateRes = date resolution (if applicable); Family = plant family; Genus = genus name; Species = species epithet; Author = species author name(s); Country = country of collection; Majorarea = first political division; Minorarea = second political division; Gazetteer = nearby town or place; Locnotes = locality; Habitattxt = vegetation characteristics; Lat = latitude; NS = north or south; Longitude = longitude; EW = east or west; LLunit = coordinate units (DD = decimal degrees; DM = decimal minutes; DMS = degrees, minutes, seconds); LLres = coordinate resolution (4 = nearest minute; 7 = area centroid); LLorigin = origin of coordinates; LatLong = coordinates in DMS; LatDec = decimal latitude; LongDec = decimal longitude; Alt = elevation minimum; AltMax = elevation maximum; AltRes = elevation resolution; AltUnit = elevation units (all metres); AltRange = elevational range.
format: CSV
byte size: 429643.0
media type: text/csv

Exsiccatae list for all specimens examined (SM1)
type: Distribution
description: A pdf file listing all specimens examined for the monograph organised alphabetically by first collector and number. A shorter list is part of the publication itself and lists only specimens from the area treated.
format: PDF
byte size: 489288.0
media type: application/pdf

All specimens examined (SM 3)
type: Distribution
description: A searchable csv file of all specimens examined for the monograph, including those from outside the specific area treated for widely distributed or introduced species. Column headings are: Herbarium = herbarium acronym acc. to Index Herbariorum; Category = specimen or photograph of specimen; SpecID = brahms specimen ID; Brahms = Brahms collection event ID; Accession = accession number of specimen; Barcode = barcode of specimen; Collector = principal collector; Prefix = collection number prefix (if applicable); Number = collection number; Suffix = collection number suffix (if applicable); AddColl = additional collectors; Type = type of type; Type of = type of what species; Day -= day of collection; Month = month of collection; Year = year of collection; DateRes = date resolution (if applicable); Family = plant family; Genus = genus name; Species = species epithet; Author = species author name(s); Country = country of collection; Majorarea = first political division; Minorarea = second political division; Gazetteer = nearby town or place; Locnotes = locality; Habitattxt = vegetation characteristics; Lat = latitude; NS = north or south; Longitude = longitude; EW = east or west; LLunit = coordinate units (DD = decimal degrees; DM = decimal minutes; DMS = degrees, minutes, seconds); LLres = coordinate resolution (4 = nearest minute; 7 = area centroid); LLorigin = origin of coordinates; LatLong = coordinates in DMS; LatDec = decimal latitude; LongDec = decimal longitude; Alt = elevation minimum; AltMax = elevation maximum; AltRes = elevation resolution; AltUnit = elevation units (all metres); AltRange = elevational range.
format: CSV
byte size: 829796.0
media type: text/csv

UKSI 20241114a Simplified Copy.xlsx
type: Distribution
format: XLSX
byte size: 38047983.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Guide to using the Nameserver
type: Distribution
format: PDF

UKSI 20240614a Simplified Copy.xlsx
type: Distribution
format: XLSX
byte size: 37769769.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

UKSI 20250703a Simplified Copy.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: This contains the large BSBI flowering plants update
format: XLSX
byte size: 43543258.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

UKSI 20221111a Simplified Copy.xlsx
type: Distribution
format: XLSX
byte size: 36469277.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

EarthwormWatchParticipants.xlsx
type: Distribution
format: XLSX
byte size: 138032.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Fossil and recent ostracod collections
type: Distribution
description: Browse collection titles or search by donor, collector, taxonomy, stratigraphic location or country of origin.
format: CSV

UKSI 20231212a Live DB cut-down.zip
type: Distribution
description: A zipped Access file
format: ZIP
byte size: 115515436.0
media type: application/zip

UKSI 20240613a Live DB cut-down.zip
type: Distribution
description: A zipped Access file
format: ZIP
byte size: 116167715.0
media type: application/zip

Technical overview of the UK Species Inventory
type: Distribution
format: PDF

Micropalaeontology citations and visitors
type: Distribution

Micropalaeontology collections citation and visitor data
type: Distribution
description: A dataset to support the figures in a publication in Revue de Micropaleontologie on the Natural History Museum Microfossil Collection. Data derived mainly from annotations in museum specimen registers and museum visitor books to the Foraminifera and fossil Ostracoda collections . These have been added to with more recent citations for collections yet to be fully digitised.
format: CSV
byte size: 308524.0
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Plants of South Asia Database
type: Distribution
description: Databased specimens from South Asia in the BM Herbarium

CHROMO_STATES_2020-10-16.csv
type: Distribution
description: Raw karyotype data used in all analyses. - *sample* - Code for sample - *genus* - Genus name - *species* - Species name - *chromon* - Haploid number of chromosomes (n) - *armn*- Number of arms - *macrop* - Number of macrochromosome pairs - *microp* - Number of microchromosome pairs - *norpos* - Position of NOR (nucleolus organiser regions) - either micro or macro - *norpair* - Pair of chromosomes NOR is located on - *its* - Number of ITS (interstitial telomeric sequences) - *pair1* to *pair14 - The morphology of each macrochromosome pair based on the centromeric index. Metacentric (meta), submetacentric (submeta), subtelocentric (subtel) or telocentric (telo) - *i1* to *i14* - A quantitative measure of the morphology information. Distance from centromere to telomere for each macrochromosome pair. - *ref* - Literature references for the data. See CHROMO_STATES_REFERENCES for full references.
format: CSV
byte size: 25921.0
media type: text/csv

chromosome-data.csv
type: Distribution
description: Cleaned dataset for all OTU analyses in the supplemental. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/chameleon-chromosomes for more details. - *tips* - Code for sample, also the names used in the tips of the phylogeny - *genus* - Genus name - *species* - Species name - *Binomial* - Binomial name from Uetz et al 2022 The Reptile Database. - *chromon* - Haploid number of chromosomes (n) - *armn* - Number of arms - *macrop* - Number of macrochromosome pairs - *microp* - Number of microchromosome pairs - *norpos* - Position of NOR (nucleolus organiser regions) - either micro or macro - *norpair* - Pair of chromosomes NOR is located on - *its* - Number of ITS (interstitial telomeric sequences) - *pair1* to *pair14* - The morphology of each macrochromosome pair based on the centromeric index. Metacentric (meta), submetacentric (submeta), subtelocentric (subtel) or telocentric (telo) - *i1* to *i14* - A quantitative measure of the morphology information. Distance from centromere to telomere for each macrochromosome pair. - *Binomial_Marcello* - Original binomial prior to correct All data below this point come from *Meiri, S. Traits of lizards of the world: Variation around a successful evolutionary design. Global Ecol Biogeogr. 2018; 27: 1168– 1172.* **Please cite this paper if you use these data.** - *Realm* - biogeographic realm (Madagascar, Afrotropic or Oriental) - *Latitude* - latitudinal midpoint of range (DD) - *Longitude* - longitudinal midpoint of range (DD) - *maxSVL* - maximum snout vent length (mm) - *Substrate* - Arboreal, Terrestrial or Arboreal & Terrestrial - *Repromode* - Oviparous or Viviparous - *minClutchSize* - minimum clutch size (eggs) - *maxClutchSize* - maximum clutch size (eggs) - *minBreedingAge* - minimum breeding age (months) - *maxBreedingAge* - maximum breeding age (months)
format: CSV
byte size: 39399.0
media type: text/csv

Bayesian-tree.tre
type: Distribution
description: Full Bayesian tree. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/chameleon-chromosomes for more details.
byte size: 3640.0

CHROMO_STATES_REFERENCES.csv
type: Distribution
description: References for literature data
format: CSV
byte size: 3884.0
media type: text/csv

chromosome-data-species.csv
type: Distribution
description: Cleaned dataset used for main analyses of 93 taxa. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/chameleon-chromosomes for details. - *tips* - Code for sample, also the names used in the tips of the phylogeny - *genus* - Genus name - *species* - Species name - *Binomial* - Binomial name from Uetz et al 2022 The Reptile Database. - *chromon* - Haploid number of chromosomes (n) - *armn* - Number of arms - *macrop* - Number of macrochromosome pairs - *microp* - Number of microchromosome pairs - *norpos* - Position of NOR (nucleolus organiser regions) - either micro or macro - *norpair* - Pair of chromosomes NOR is located on - *its* - Number of ITS (interstitial telomeric sequences) - *pair1* to *pair14* - The morphology of each macrochromosome pair based on the centromeric index. Metacentric (meta), submetacentric (submeta), subtelocentric (subtel) or telocentric (telo) - *i1* to *i14* - A quantitative measure of the morphology information. Distance from centromere to telomere for each macrochromosome pair. - *Binomial_Marcello* - Original binomial prior to correct All data below this point come from *Meiri, S. Traits of lizards of the world: Variation around a successful evolutionary design. Global Ecol Biogeogr. 2018; 27: 1168– 1172.* **Please cite this paper if you use these data.** - *Realm* - biogeographic realm (Madagascar, Afrotropic or Oriental) - *Latitude* - latitudinal midpoint of range (DD) - *Longitude* - longitudinal midpoint of range (DD) - *maxSVL* - maximum snout vent length (mm) - *Substrate* - Arboreal, Terrestrial or Arboreal & Terrestrial - *Repromode* - Oviparous or Viviparous - *minClutchSize* - minimum clutch size (eggs) - *maxClutchSize* - maximum clutch size (eggs) - *minBreedingAge* - minimum breeding age (months) - *maxBreedingAge* - maximum breeding age (months)
format: CSV
byte size: 27080.0
media type: text/csv

chromevol-simulations-outputs-best.csv
type: Distribution
description: Output data from "best" ChromEvol simulations used to generate figures in the paper. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/chameleon-chromosomes for more details. - *sim_haploidn* - simulated haploid number of chromosomes for simulation run in question. - *tips* - Code for sample, also the names at the tips of the phlyogeny - *sim* - simulation number (1-1000)
format: CSV
byte size: 2490936.0
media type: text/csv

null-simulations-outputs.csv
type: Distribution
description: Null simulations outputs using "best" ChromEvol model used to generate figures in the paper. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/chameleon-chromosomes for more details. - *sim_haploidn* - simulated haploid number of chromosomes for simulation run in question. - *tips* - Code for sample, also the names at the tips of the phlyogeny - *sim* - simulation number (1-1000)
format: CSV
byte size: 1245285.0
media type: text/csv

Bayesian-tree-species.tre
type: Distribution
description: Pruned tree used for main analyses. See https://github.com/nhcooper123/chameleon-chromosomes for more details.
format: TRE
byte size: 2486.0

dataset1.nex
type: Distribution
description: Dataset 1; Nexus format
format: NEX
byte size: 790784.0

dataset2.nex
type: Distribution
description: Dataset 2: Nexus format
format: NEX
byte size: 868122.0

dataset1.fasta
type: Distribution
description: Dataset 1; Fasta format
format: FASTA
byte size: 783324.0

Alignments_info.txt
type: Distribution
description: Alignment file information
format: TXT
byte size: 320.0
media type: text/plain

dataset3.nex
type: Distribution
description: Dataset 3; Nexus format
format: NEX
byte size: 584370.0

dataset3.fasta
type: Distribution
description: Dataset 3; Fasta format
format: FASTA
byte size: 576111.0

dataset2.fasta
type: Distribution
description: Dataset 2; Fasta format
format: FASTA
byte size: 859863.0

Sir John Murray's Challenger Sediment Collection
type: Distribution
description: A dataset listing items in Sir John Murray's HMS Challenger Ocean Sediment Collection to accompany a paper Miller, C. Giles and Jouet-Sarkany, Monique M. H. 2025. Sir John Murray’s H.M.S. Challenger Sedimentary Deposits Collection at the Natural History Museum, London. Preprint available: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644325v1 and contains descriptions of column headers.
format: CSV
byte size: 440153.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

landuse_AnnualAverages.zip
type: Distribution
description: csv files of country, subregion, region and global-level averages of annual land use amounts (primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, cropland, pasture and urban) (2001-2012)
format: ZIP
byte size: 229450.0
media type: application/zip

BII_AnnualAverages.zip
type: Distribution
description: csv files of country, subregion, region and global-level averages of annual BII (2001-2012)
format: ZIP
byte size: 48390.0
media type: application/zip

Primary_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Summary table of annual averages of primary amount for each country, subregion and region.
format: PDF
byte size: 391371.0
media type: application/pdf

Urban_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Summary table of annual averages of urban amount for each country, subregion and region.
format: PDF
byte size: 388020.0
media type: application/pdf

Cropland_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Summary table of annual averages of cropland amount for each country, subregion and region.
format: PDF
byte size: 399101.0
media type: application/pdf

Secondary_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Summary table of annual averages of secondary vegetation amount for each country, subregion and region.
format: PDF
byte size: 398642.0
media type: application/pdf

BII_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Summary table of annual averages of BII for each country, subregion and region.
format: PDF
byte size: 398698.0
media type: application/pdf

Pasture_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Summary table of annual averages of pasture amount for each country, subregion and region.
format: PDF
byte size: 399000.0
media type: application/pdf

Samples and publications.xls
type: Distribution
description: JW Murray publications with associated samples now housed at the NHM
format: XLS
byte size: 91648.0
media type: application/vnd.ms-excel

Summary of JW Murray samples
type: Distribution
format: XLS
byte size: 20144.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Index of species on Typeslides.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: Index of john Murray's type slides now housed at the NHM
format: XLS
byte size: 73976.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Data tables for living F.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: Data tables for living foraminifera studies by John Murray and colleagues
format: XLS
byte size: 864099.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Database in RDS format
type: Distribution

Data references in CSV format
type: Distribution
format: CSV

Data references in BibTeX format
type: Distribution
format: BIB

Database in zipped CSV format
type: Distribution
format: ZIP

Description of data extract columns
type: Distribution
format: CSV

Site-level summaries in RDS format
type: Distribution

Site-level summaries in zipped CSV format
type: Distribution
format: ZIP

The Samuel Browne Herbarium
type: Distribution
description: The specimens collected by Samuel Browne

MarkMyBird_manifest.csv
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 610819.0
media type: text/csv

segmenter_training_data.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 11445855693.0
media type: application/zip

AI v. Human Testing Data
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 278715359.0
media type: application/zip

classifier training data
type: Distribution
format: ZIP
byte size: 626637087.0
media type: application/zip

Deployment.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 8289600163.0
media type: application/zip

PUBLICATIONS_OF_J_E_WHITTAKER_22Apr25.docx
type: Distribution
description: A list of research publications by Dr John E. Whittaker covering his work as a Micropalaeontolgist at the Natural History Museum and subsequent to his retirement.
format: DOCX
byte size: 68120.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

Screen shots of internally available Power BI dashboard
type: Distribution
description: Screen shots of internally available Power BI dashboard. These cover statistics for the entire collection and have not been filtered. Filtering functionality allows to display results at any level from the entire museum to individual Collection Unit.
format: PDF
byte size: 444729.0
media type: application/pdf

sectional_summary_for_paper_2021-04-30.pdf
type: Distribution
description: Data for numbers of Items, Collection Units and Reporting Count, broken down by section.
format: PDF
byte size: 109521.0
media type: application/pdf

Join the Dots Collections Assessment Exercise Manual
type: Distribution
description: A manual authored by Scott Wilson to aid creation and scoring of individual Collections Units as part of the Join the Dots collections assessment exercise.
format: PDF
byte size: 7665372.0
media type: application/pdf

Collection Unit Definition and Guidlines
type: Distribution
description: A document formulated to help define Collections Units within the Join the Dots collections assessment exercise at the Natural History Museum.
format: DOCX
byte size: 58690.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

jtd_itemtype_preservationmethod.txt
type: Distribution
description: Look-up lists for Item Type and Preservation Method used in the 2018 survey. Please note that these were not published in the original paper as current work external to the museum as part of the Collection Descriptions work led by TDWG means that these are likely to need updating.
format: TXT
byte size: 6982.0
media type: text/plain

Cabinetry Scoring Document
type: Distribution
description: An illustrated listing of some common cabinet types in the Natural History Museum collection, with suggested scores as part of the Condition - Storage Equipment question for the "Join the Dots" collections assessment exercise at the Natural History Museum.
format: PDF
byte size: 36624556.0
media type: application/pdf

Join the Dots Scoring Tool
type: Distribution
description: An Excel file created to aid scoring of individual Collections Units as part of the "Join The Dots" collections exercise. Currently this contains example data from the 2016 pilot exercise.
format: MACRO-ENABLED EXCEL SPREADSHEET
byte size: 1993196.0
media type: application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.macroEnabled.12

combined.csv
type: Distribution
description: Trait data form all sources
format: CSV
byte size: 17279412.0
media type: text/csv

efloras.flora_of_pakistan.csv
type: Distribution
description: Trait data extracted from Flora of Pakistan descriptions
format: CSV
byte size: 1017449.0
media type: text/csv

wfo-angiosperms.csv
type: Distribution
description: World Flora Online Angiosperm species
format: CSV
byte size: 27050235.0
media type: text/csv

ecoflora.csv
type: Distribution
description: Trait data extracted from Ecoflora descriptions
format: CSV
byte size: 524901.0
media type: text/csv

efloras.flora_of_china.csv
type: Distribution
description: Trait data extracted from Flora of China descriptions
format: CSV
byte size: 7360995.0
media type: text/csv

bhl.csv
type: Distribution
description: Trait data extracted from BHL descriptions
format: CSV
byte size: 28548194.0
media type: text/csv

efloras.flora_of_north_america.csv
type: Distribution
description: Trait data extracted from Flora of North America descriptions
format: CSV
byte size: 3050335.0
media type: text/csv

Index Lots
type: Distribution
description: Species level record denoting the presence of a taxon in the Museum collection.
format: CSV

Peruvian Begonia
type: Distribution
description: Herbarium specimens of Begonia occurring in Peru, downloaded from the Begonia Resource Centre xx/xx/2021
format: CSV
byte size: 1067112.0
media type: text/csv

Peruvian Solanum
type: Distribution
description: Herbarium specimens of Solanum occurring in Peru, downloaded from Solanaceae Source xx/xx/2021
format: CSV
byte size: 17169057.0
media type: text/csv

"iCollections" specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the iCollections specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

"iCollections: British and Irish Pyraloidea (Moths) Collection" specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the iCollections: British and Irish Pyraloidea (Moths) Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Wheat Through The Ages specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Wheat Through the Ages Project specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Griffiths et al. (2025) Table S4
type: Distribution
description: This is a .xlsx version of Table S4 of the Supplementary Material supporting Griffiths et al. (2025). It contains data collected from 213 Hoplopteryx spp. specimens. Notes: Abbreviations in the table are as follows: SL = Standard Length, TL = Trunk Length, HL = Head Length, HH = Head Height, JL = Jaw Length, OD = Orbit Diameter, VW = Vertebrae Width. BGS = British Geological Survey (Keyworth, UK), CSM = Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences (Cambridge, UK), GMZ = Grant Museum of Zoology (London, UK) NHMUK = Natural History Museum (London, UK). Estimated SL are in bold. Italicised SL are the mean of two measurements.
format: XLSX
byte size: 29023.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Supplementary Figures and Tables
type: Distribution
description: Supplementary figures and tables to support Griffiths et al. (2025)
byte size: 865547.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

British and Irish 'larger' micro moth specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the British and Irish 'larger' micro moth specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Specimens of Lycianthes from tropical Asia
type: Distribution
description: A csv file of all specimens examined for the monograph of Lycianthes in tropical Asia. Column headings are designed to be self explanatory.
format: CSV
byte size: 1202923.0
media type: text/csv

Collection events for Lycianthes native outside the Americas
type: Distribution
description: A csv file of all collections seen of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) species native outside of the Americas (Asia, New Guinea and the Pacific). This comprises all species treated in PhytoKeys 209 and xxx. Column headings are designed to be self explanatory.
format: CSV
byte size: 542039.0
media type: text/csv

Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Malvales Digitisation
type: Distribution
description: Link to the “Malvales Digitisation” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Lutzomyia types
type: Distribution

Bee Land-use Change Project Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Metadata about 6753 Bombus hortorum, B.hypnorum, B.lapidarius, B.muscorum, B.pascuorum, B.ruderatus and B.sylvarum specimens for the Bee Land-use Change Project.

The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) developed by the Natural History Museum: Methodology, v2.1.1
type: Distribution
description: This document outlines the data and processes used for The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by the Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1. This document is available for non-commercial uses under a CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this document, you agree to be bound by these terms. © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.
format: PDF
byte size: 795219.0
media type: application/pdf

Ceratopogonidae Slide Collection Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the “Thysanoptera Slide Collection” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Images of specimens
type: Distribution
description: All the images featured in the mentioned work are inside the folder “Images”. All the images display the name of the species and the museum number. Images are recorded in lossless TIFF format and include a 10 mm scale bar for the whole specimens and a 5 cm scale bar for the polished blocks.
format: ZIP
byte size: 246060237.0
media type: application/zip

Table S1
type: Distribution
description: Specimen and tissue region with the different chemical analysis done. For EDS whole maps of the dental plates/teeth are marked with an X. Reports the number of measurement points per tissue/specimen are shown for X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis
format: DOCX
byte size: 28414.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

Raman files
type: Distribution
description: Folder ‘Raman files’ contains individual folders for raw and processed Raman spectra for specimen Harriota raleighana. Raw data is recorded in TXT format, processed data in CSV format. Processed data was treated by the following: 1) cosmic ray removal, 2) background subtraction, 3) normalisation, 4) automatic peak detection. For maps & line scans that consist of more than 1 measurement, positional (x,y) data is recorded in raw data files.
format: ZIP
byte size: 7774821.0
media type: application/zip

XRD files
type: Distribution
description: Folder “XRD files” contains individual folders for each specimen studied with the raw X-ray diffractograms, recorded in ASCII format using the Highscore program (Malvern Panalytical). The PDF generated with the spectra, the peak list and the reference material for each specimen is included in each folder.
format: ZIP
byte size: 2012449.0
media type: application/zip

README.docx
type: Distribution
format: DOCX
byte size: 20189.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document

20250716_05.D.zip
type: Distribution
description: Agilent data file of GCMS data from bespoke specimen enclosure.
format: D
byte size: 6993742.0
media type: application/zip

Coccoidea Slide Collection Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Coccoidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Coccoidea Slide Collection Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Coccoidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

4PUBLICATION_MASTER_MONOGRAPH_CONODONTS_R_Aldridge.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: An initial listing of UK Silurian assemblage slides from the collection of Prof. Richard J. Aldridge formerly of the University of Leicester. The file synthesises data from the slides themselves and several unpublished documents relating to details of the collection site, a listing of the samples taken, lithological descriptions along with details of sample weights and yields. The collection underpins type and figured specimens already donated to the Natural History Museum and is a major resource for anyone wishing to study British Silurian conodonts.
format: CSV
byte size: 143834.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Drawer-level images
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 10585.0
media type: text/csv

Datasets and R files
type: Distribution
description: This zip file contains (1) the final dataset of valid extant marine gastropod species occurrences, (2) a subset final dataset of dated observations, (3) a subset final dataset of georeferenced records with lat/lon z-score < 3 per species, (4) metadata of COI barcodes from BOLD, (5) metadata of full mitogenomes from GenBank, and (6) the R script used for analysis and visualisation.
format: ZIP
byte size: 687286203.0
media type: application/zip

Former Aberystwyth Microfossil Collection
type: Distribution
format: CSV

Earthworm Watch data - imputed
type: Distribution
description: Cleaned and anonymised data from the Earthworm Watch citizen science project run by the Natural History Museum, London and Earthwatch Institute (Europe) April 2016 to August 2018. Includes imputed fertiliser data used for the submitted manuscript paper Earthworm Watch: modelling the functional distribution of UK earthworms using a matched pair citizen science survey.
byte size: 17005.0

Earthworm Watch - functional group data
type: Distribution
description: Cleaned and anonymised data from the Earthworm Watch citizen science project run by the Natural History Museum, London and Earthwatch Institute (Europe) April 2016 to August 2018. Includes reshaped data on functional groups used for the submitted manuscript paper Earthworm Watch: modelling the functional distribution of UK earthworms using a matched pair citizen science survey.
byte size: 25979.0

Earthworm Watch cleaned data
type: Distribution
description: Cleaned and anonymised data from the Earthworm Watch citizen science project run by the Natural History Museum, London and Earthwatch Institute (Europe) April 2016 to August 2018.
format: CSV
byte size: 132496.0
media type: text/csv

Atlas of Living Malaysia specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Atlas of Living Malaysia specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Specimens in the William Bartram Herbarium. To access, click on the ‘Go to resource’ button below. You can access the collection in three ways. The table view displays the collection in table format; the list view shows the data accompanying each specimen, together with a thumbnail of the image of the specimen sheet; gallery view allows you to browse the images and access the dataset in that way. Images carry a CC-BY licence and can be downloaded at full resolution. For details regarding terms and conditions of reuse, please see: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/terms-conditions

Additional labels
type: Distribution
description: Details of additional labels attached to specimens in the Dale Herbarium recording collector, location and or date, in addition to the label data captured in the main dataset.
format: CSV
byte size: 1322.0
media type: text/csv

Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Catalogue records of specimens from the Herbarium of Samuel Dale M.D. (1659-1739), presented by the Society of Apothecaries, 1862.

Former British Petroleum microfossil collection data
type: Distribution
format: CSV

Original Material
type: Distribution
description: This resource contains candidate original material for names yet to be typified.
format: CSV
byte size: 225459.0
media type: text/csv

Supplementary information
type: Distribution
description: Contains an introduction to the project and its historical perspective, methodological notes and a list of publications resulting from the dataset.
format: PDF
byte size: 251735.0
media type: application/pdf

Linnaean Plant Names
type: Distribution
description: ### The Linnaean Database This page contains a searchable database containing typification details for all Linnaean plant names. For each binomial, we provide the place of publication, stated provenance, the type specimen (or illustration) and a reference to where the type choice was published, and an indication of the current name of the taxon within which Linnaeus' original binomial now falls (binomial and family names). Where relevant, detailed notes are provided (initially for the generitypes and the families Asteraceae and part of the Fabaceae). In particular, these notes aim to account for published observations that may fall short of formal typification. Detailed notes are being prepared and will be added to the database records as they are completed. Consequently, their absence from a given record does not necessarily mean that additional relevant literature has been overlooked. While these online records reflect our current knowledge, the typifications listed here are subject to continuous revision, not least because priority of choice (Art. 9.17) governs any decision. Consequently, the discovery of an earlier choice of type will lead to the displacement of the typification currently accepted here. While the Project has conducted (and continues to conduct) an extensive literature review, it is inevitable that significant contributions have either been overlooked or not yet taken into consideration. We would therefore be most grateful to learn of literature containing typifications of which we appear to have been unaware in reaching our current conclusions. Where available, we provide an image of the type material, in the form of a small thumbnail linked to a full-size image. Approximately 50% of the types are accompanied by images, principally from the Clayton, Clifford and Hermann herbaria at BM. However, we are most grateful to the Linnean Society of London for their permission to display images of those types that are housed in LINN. We also hope to be a…
format: XLSX
byte size: 4011732.0
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Artefacts
type: Distribution
description: Museum artefacts
format: CSV

Nuclear time-calibrated tree
type: Distribution
format: TRE
byte size: 2120.0

Mitochondrial alignment (Mega formatted)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 36808.0

Nuclear ML tree
type: Distribution
format: TRE
byte size: 2706.0

Nuclear alignment (MrBayes formatted)
type: Distribution
format: NEX
byte size: 142624.0

Mitochondrial ML tree
type: Distribution
format: TRE
byte size: 2593.0

Mitochondrial time-calibrated tree
type: Distribution
format: TRE
byte size: 2441.0

The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by The Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1 (Open Access, Limited Release)
type: Distribution
description: This data is made available under a CC-BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this data, you agree to be bound by these terms. This directory contains BII v2.1.1 data. The data download is a .zip file of global rasters (.tif) at approximately 10km resolution at the equator, for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. BII rasters are values between zero and 100%, indicating the intactness of the ecosystem: zero meaning completely degraded and 100% being completely intact. The .zip file also includes a README with metadata for the spatial rasters, and a LICENSE file. This dataset was developed using methodology described here: De Palma, A., Contu, S., Thomas, G. E., Duffin, C., Nix, S., & Purvis, A. (2024). The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) developed by the Natural History Museum: Methodology (v2.1.1). https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/bii-developed-by-nhm-v2-1-1-methodology © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.
format: ZIP
byte size: 45890222.0
media type: application/zip

Station-12-298.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 1747533663.0
media type: application/zip

Station-11-297.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2867434361.0
media type: application/zip

Station-22-348.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2737297279.0
media type: application/zip

Station-14-300.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2579734118.0
media type: application/zip

Station-17-332.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 1537917092.0
media type: application/zip

Station-20-334.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 3867213820.0
media type: application/zip

Station-15-317.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 1703908809.0
media type: application/zip

Station-19-333.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 3618220088.0
media type: application/zip

Station-9-296.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 1775243367.0
media type: application/zip

Station-8-280.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2356300095.0
media type: application/zip

Station-16-323.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2471670058.0
media type: application/zip

Station-5-253.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2961188095.0
media type: application/zip

Station-7-280.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2787460556.0
media type: application/zip

Station-3-241.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 7710527077.0
media type: application/zip

Station-6-272.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 29496322172.0
media type: application/zip

Station-2-218.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 1475884698.0
media type: application/zip

Station-1-157.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2176577231.0
media type: application/zip

Station-4-241.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 9960846693.0
media type: application/zip

Station-10-296.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2867434361.0
media type: application/zip

Station-21-335.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 3846520079.0
media type: application/zip

Station-18-332.zip
type: Distribution
byte size: 2046321363.0
media type: application/zip

Fossils in Shropshire
type: Distribution
format: CSV
byte size: 980996.0
media type: text/csv

PROTOZOA THESES_updatedMay2024.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: A list of masters and PhD theses relating to the micropalaeontology collections at the Natural History Museum. Most of these correspond to unregistered slides or other materials but a very small number do not have corresponding material. Degree awarding universities include mainly UCL, Imperial College, Hull, Aberystwyth and Southampton.
format: CSV
byte size: 138081.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

Aphidoidea Slide Collection Specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the Aphidoidea Slide Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

World Brassicales specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the World Brassicales specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

European Brassicales specimens
type: Distribution
description: Link to the European Brassicales specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.

NHM Australia Botancial TYPES.xlsx
type: Distribution
description: Georeferenced NHM Australian Botanical Data
format: XLSX
byte size: 1288280.0
media type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet

NHM Australia Botancial TYPES
type: Distribution
description: Georeferenced NHM Botanical TYPE Data for Australia
format: CSV
byte size: 2604893.0
media type: text/csv

Global maps of Biodiversity Intactness from Sanchez-Ortiz et al. (2019) (bioRxiv)
type: Distribution
description: Data used in Figure 1 (a & b) of Sanchez-Ortiz et al. (2019) (bioRxiv).

Output from Fabric model
type: Distribution
description: *The output was too large for the supplemental materials so we include it here instead.* The metadata for the processed file was copied from the FabricPostProcessor manual for BayesTraits v4.0.0, which can be found in the link http://www.evolution.reading.ac.uk/FabricPostProcessorV1.0.0/Files/FabricPostProcessor.pdf * ID: ID for each node * Branch: Length Branch length from phylogenetic tree * Height: Height of the node, with the root having the largest height * Height Mid-Point: Height of the node at its mid-point * Sum BL: Sum of all branches that contained within the node * No Descendants: Number of descendant nodes, 0 for a tip, 2 for binary node * No Concurrent Linages Start: Number of concurrent lineages at the start of the node. * No Concurrent Linages Mid-point: Number of concurrent lineages at the mid-point of the node. * No Concurrent Linages End: Number of concurrent lineages at the end of the node. * Mean (Beta * BL): Mean beta * SD (Beta * BL): Beta standard deviation * Mean (Beta * BL) NZ: Mean beta excluding samples when the beta is set to zero. Note: we recommend that this should be used for estimating the size of the directional effect. * SD (Beta * BL) NZ: Standard deviation excluding samples when the beta is set to zero * Sample Size: Number of samples in the MCMC posterior * P < 0: Probability beta is less than 0 * P == 0: Probability beta is 0 * P > 0: Probability beta is greater than 0 * P (Beta * BL): The probability of Beta * BL, given the prior and threshold value * Observed P (Beta * BL): The observed probability of Beta * BL in the Markov chain * SD Observed P(Beta * BL): The standard deviation of observed P (Beta * BL) * Z (Beta * BL): The Z score of Beta * BL * Sig (Beta * BL): 1 if the Z scores is significant (Z >= 2), 0 otherwise * Mean Evolvability Scalar: The mean scalar * SD Scalar: The standard deviation of the scalar * Mean Non 1 Scalar: The mean scalar excluding samples when it is 1. Note: we recommend that this should be used fo…
format: CSV
byte size: 25491.0
media type: text/csv

References_Fossil-proxy-measurement-data.txt
type: Distribution
description: Reference list for entries in the references column of the *Fossil-proxy-measurement-data.csv* dataset.
format: TXT
byte size: 40040.0
media type: text/plain

pinniped-all-geography_9areas.txt
type: Distribution
description: Geography file for all taxa used in biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TXT
byte size: 3765.0
media type: text/plain

pinniped_areas_new_GB_phylip-JRule_edit-nocomments.txt
type: Distribution
description: Raw geography data for biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TXT
byte size: 3535.0
media type: text/plain

imputed_data_wZBL.RDS
type: Distribution
description: Large RDS file containing the imputed body size data used in all analyses.
format: RDS
byte size: 600051.0

fulldata_combined.csv
type: Distribution
description: This is the data used for analyses in paper 1. * species - species name * tl - total length (in centimetres) of individual * cbl - condylobasal length (in millimetres) * bizyg - bizygomatic width (in millimetres) * exoc - exoccipital width (in millimetres) * ocb - occipital condyle breadth (in millimetres) * aon - distance between antorbital notches (in millimetres) * nfw - narial fossa width (in millimetres) * bnw - binasal width (width across the two nasal bones) (in millimetres) * aafw - width of the articular facets of the atlas vertebra (in millimetres) * hl - humerus length (in millimetres) * type - whether species is extant (living) or fossil Note that raw data with specimen numbers and literature references is provided in separate files in this repo.
format: CSV
byte size: 238184.0
media type: text/csv

noextant.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea excluding living taxa, containing only the species included in the analyses. This tree contains 207 taxa, excluding those with zero length branches (ZBL)
format: TRE
byte size: 10026.0

median_tree.tre
type: Distribution
description: Median tree from metatree analyses used for all analyses in paper 2.
byte size: 5816.0

baleen_wZBL.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for baleen whales, containing only the species included in the analyses. The tree contains 105 taxa including those with zero length branches (ZBL).
format: TRE
byte size: 4865.0

README_PAPER1.md
type: Distribution
description: Details of data for paper 1.
byte size: 1992.0
media type: TEXT/MARKDOWN

node-labels-tree.png
type: Distribution
description: Tree with node numbers for use in interpreting `DEC-all-node-probabilities.csv` and `DECJ-all-node-probabilities.csv`
format: PNG
byte size: 489931.0
media type: image/png

full_wZBL.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea, containing only the species included in the analyses. The tree contains 345 taxa including those with zero length branches (ZBL).
format: TRE
byte size: 15951.0

noimput_wZBL.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea excluding species for which we had to imput total length data, containing only the species included in the analyses. The tree contains 258 taxa including those with zero length branches (ZBL)
format: TRE
byte size: 11983.0

full.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea, containing only the species included in the analyses. This tree contains 285 taxa, excluding those with zero length branches (ZBL).
format: TRE
byte size: 13649.0

DECJ-all-node-probabilities.csv
type: Distribution
description: All node probabilities from the DEC+J model for all taxa. *node* = node number on tree (see `node-labels-tree.png`) *ML* = Maximum Likelihood state for the node under the DEC+J model All other columns represent a single state and the marginal probability of that state being at that node. A = area A, AB is either area A or B and so on...
format: CSV
byte size: 665243.0
media type: text/csv

pinniped_median_fossil.tre
type: Distribution
description: Fossil phylogeny used in diversification analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 3921.0

pinniped_median_extant.tre
type: Distribution
description: Extant phylogeny used in diversification analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 1655.0

DEC-all-node-probabilities.csv
type: Distribution
description: All node probabilities from the DEC model for all taxa. *node* = node number on tree (see `node-labels-tree.png`) *ML* = Maximum Likelihood state for the node under the DEC model All other columns represent a single state and the marginal probability of that state being at that node. A = area A, AB is either area A or B and so on...
format: CSV
byte size: 661549.0
media type: text/csv

pinniped-tree-extant_9areas.tre
type: Distribution
description: Extant phylogeny for taxa used in biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 1574.0

extant.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for extant Cetacea, containing only the species included in the analyses. This tree contains 89 taxa. Note that as this tree only contains extant species there are no taxa with zero length branches, so there is no equivalent wZBL tree with these included.
format: TRE
byte size: 4123.0

noarchaeo.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea excluding Archaeocetes, containing only the species included in the analyses. This tree contains 267 taxa, excluding those with zero length branches (ZBL)
byte size: 12825.0

final_tree_cetacea.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea from Lloyd & Slater (2021). This tree belongs to the "Safe" dataset in the paper, and contains 494 taxa including the ones with zero branch lengths (ZBL). All other trees are based on this tree.
format: TRE
byte size: 23359.0

noextant_wZBL.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea excluding living taxa, containing only the species included in the analyses. The tree contains 256 taxa including those with zero length branches (ZBL)
format: TRE
byte size: 11899.0

noarchaeo_wZBL.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea excluding Archaeocetes, containing only the species included in the analyses. The tree contains 322 taxa including those with zero length branches (ZBL)
format: TRE
byte size: 14941.0

README_PAPER2.md
type: Distribution
description: Details of data for paper 2.
byte size: 2361.0
media type: TEXT/MARKDOWN

baleen.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for baleen whales, containing only the species included in the analyses. This tree contains 83 taxa, excluding those with zero length branches (ZBL).
format: TRE
byte size: 4022.0

timeperiods-all_9areas.txt
type: Distribution
description: Time periods for stratified time biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TXT
byte size: 41.0
media type: text/plain

toothed.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for toothed whales, containing only the species included in the analyses. This tree contains 184 taxa, excluding those with zero length branches (ZBL).
format: TRE
byte size: 8777.0

pinniped_median_full.tre
type: Distribution
description: Full phylogeny used in diversification analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 5585.0

noimput.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for Cetacea excluding species for which we had to imput total length data, containing only the species included in the analyses. This tree contains 216 taxa, excluding those with zero length branches (ZBL)
format: TRE
byte size: 10342.0

pinniped-tree-fossil_9areas.tre
type: Distribution
description: Fossil phylogeny for taxa used in biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 3873.0

pinniped_median_fossil_noanc.tre
type: Distribution
description: Fossil phylogeny without sampled ancestors used in diversification analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 3039.0

pinniped-fossil-geography_9areas.txt
type: Distribution
description: Geography file for fossil taxa used in biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TXT
byte size: 2684.0
media type: text/plain

pinniped-extant-geography_9areas.txt
type: Distribution
description: Geography file for extant taxa used in biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TXT
byte size: 1065.0
media type: text/plain

pinniped-tree-all_9areas.tre
type: Distribution
description: Full phylogeny for taxa used in biogeography analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 5496.0

Total-length-data-from-literature.csv
type: Distribution
description: Raw total length data, for living and fossil species, taken from the literature. * (super)Family - Superfamily (ends 'oidea') or family (ends 'idae') the species belongs to * Genus - genus name * Species - species name * TL (mm) - total length (in millimetres) * Reference - study which estimation was sourced from * Age - geological Epoch specimen is from (extant = still living) * Notes - additional information about species where necessary *NA - Not applicable/no data* #### Abbreviations * NHM - Natural History Museum * HMM - Handbook of Marine Mammals * PRSB - Proceedings of the Royal Society B
format: CSV
byte size: 222839.0
media type: text/csv

Extant-proxy-measurement-data.csv
type: Distribution
description: Raw data for total length proxy measurements taken from extant specimens at Natural History Museum London (NHMUK). * Specimen number - registered accession number of specimen in holding institution * Family - family name * Genus - genus name * Species - species name * TL (mm) - total length (in millimetres) * CBL (mm) - condylobasal length (in millimetres) * BIZYG (mm) - bizygomatic width (in millimetres) * EXOC (mm) - exoccipital width (in millimetre * OCB (mm) - occipital condyle breadth (in millimetres) * AON (mm) - distance between antorbital notches (in millimetres) * NFW (mm) - narial fossa width (in millimetres) * BNW (mm) - binasal width (width across the two nasal bones) (in millimetres) * AAFW (mm) - width of the articular facets of the atlas vertebra (in millimetres) * HL (mm) - humerus length (in millimetres) * Notes - additional information about species where necessary #### Abbreviations * C - Natural History Museum mammal collection designation * ZD - Natural History Museum zoology department designation * SW - Natural History Museum collection designation * SK - Natural History Museum collection designation
format: CSV
byte size: 40889.0
media type: text/csv

Fossil-proxy-measurement-data.csv
type: Distribution
description: Raw data for proxy measurements to estimate total length from fossil taxa, along with references for where the data came from. The reference list is available in XXX * Specimen number - registered accession number of specimen in holding institution * (Super)Family - Superfamily (ends 'oidea') or family (ends 'idae') the species belongs to * Genus - genus name * Species - species name * TL (mm) - total length (in millimetres) * CBL (mm) - condylobasal length (in millimetres) * BIZYG (mm) - bizygomatic width (in millimetres) * EXOC (mm) - exoccipital width (in millimetre * OCB (mm) - occipital condyle breadth (in millimetres) * AON (mm) - distance between antorbital notches (in millimetres) * NFW (mm) - narial fossa width (in millimetres) * BNW (mm) - binasal width (width across the two nasal bones) (in millimetres) * AAFW (mm) - width of the articular facets of the atlas vertebra (in millimetres) * HL (mm) - humerus length (in millimetres) * Notes - additional information about species where necessary *NA - Not applicable/No data* *LEA2010 - Lambert et al 2010 Livyatan paper in Nature* ### INSTITUTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS AMP - Ashoro Museum of Paleontology; APA - Private collection of Dr. Alejandro Pezzia Assereto; CAS - California Academy of Sciences; CASG - California Academy of Sciences Department of Geology; CCNHM - College of Charleston Museum of Natural History; ChM PV - Charleston Museum Vertebrate Palaeontology; CMM V - Calvert Marine Museum Vertebrate; CMUO - Condon Museum University of Oregon; CMT - Central Museum of Taurida (Crimean Regional Museum, KKM); CPC - Commonwealth Paleontological Collections (Australian Geological Survey Organisation); CZA - Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola; FCCP - Fukagawa City Cultural Properties; FCMM - Coleccion de Referencia del Estado de Baja California; GMNH-PV - Gunma Museum of Natural History; GNHM - Gamagori Natural History Museum; GSP_UM - University of Michigan, Geological Survey of Pakistan; H-GSP - Howard Uni…
format: CSV
byte size: 22728.0
media type: text/csv

pinniped_median_noanc.tre
type: Distribution
description: Full phylogeny without sampled ancestors used in diversification analyses in paper 2.
format: TRE
byte size: 4579.0

References_Total-length-data-from-literature.txt
type: Distribution
description: Reference list for entries in the references column of the *Total-proxy-measurement-data.csv* dataset.
format: TXT
byte size: 59515.0
media type: text/plain

toothed_wZBL.tre
type: Distribution
description: Phylogeny for toothed whales containing only the species included in the analyses. The tree contains 217 taxa including those with zero length branches (ZBL).
format: TRE
byte size: 10050.0

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/e576d847-794f-4387-a37b-fb040b490df9
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Krisztina Lohonya

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/eaf49d4d-5fa0-4490-a145-684404f0ea78
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Jeffrey Streicher

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/25465e60-d52d-4200-8c4d-6d25c5b35aa0
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Natalie Cooper

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/c53a9203-97c4-46ef-a721-3113227e115a
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Adriana De-palma

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/1f8f6034-d43a-411f-9296-c17f5a06e14e
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Edward Baker

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/3a03db38-9083-4a2c-b21b-6c910405d701
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Louise Allan

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/4d4d033e-e5d8-4888-ae99-82e835bd0e9b
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Sandy Knapp

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/30d98826-d77b-4b1c-aa6e-b47677a15ad6
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Peter Wing

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/5ddca94b-f726-4b7a-84f1-9856240aea4c
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Mark Carine

https://data.nhm.ac.uk/user/f7e42f34-af25-4b52-8598-8347003cf226
type: Person
has affiliation: Natural History Museum
fn: Giles Miller

Natural History Museum
type: Institution
type: Organization
acronym or coden: NHMUK
institution type: museum