> ### CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES

> ### PART 44 GENERAL RULES ABOUT COSTS

> ### See also Practice Directions

> ### CONTENTS OF THIS PART

> Scope of this Part | Rule 44.1
> Solicitor's duty to notify client | Rule 44.2
> Court's discretion and circumstances to be taken into account when exercising its discretion as to costs | Rule 44.3
> Basis of assessment | Rule 44.4
> Factors to be taken into account in deciding the amount of costs | Rule 44.5
> Fixed costs | Rule 44.6
> Procedure for assessing costs | Rule 44.7
> Time for complying with an order for costs | Rule 44.8
> Costs on the small claims track and fast track | Rule 44.9
> Limitation on amount court may award where a claim allocated to the fast track settles before trial | Rule 44.10
> Costs following allocation and re-allocation | Rule 44.11
> Cases where costs orders deemed to have been made | Rule 44.12
> Special situations | Rule 44.13
> Court's powers in relation to misconduct | Rule 44.14

> ### SCOPE OF THIS PART

> 44.1 | This Part contains general rules about costs and entitlement to costs. (The definitions contained in Part 43 are relevant to this Part)

> ### SOLICITOR'S DUTY TO NOTIFY CLIENT

> 44.2 | Where -
> |  | the court makes a costs order against a legally represented party; and the party is not present when the order is made, the party's solicitor must notify his client in writing of the costs order no later than 7 days after the solicitor receives notice of the order.

> ### COURT'S DISCRETION AND CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN EXERCISING ITS DISCRETION AS TO COSTS

> 44.3 | (1) | The court has discretion as to - whether costs are payable by one party to another; the amount of those costs; and when they are to be paid.
> | (2) | If the court decides to make an order about costs - the general rule is that the unsuccessful party will be ordered to pay the costs of the successful party; but the court may make a different order.
> | (3) | The general rule does not apply to the following proceedings - proceedings in the Court of Appeal on an application or appeal made in connection with proceedings in the Family Division; or proceedings in the Court of Appeal from a judgment, direction, decision or order given or made in probate proceedings or family proceedings.
> | (4) | In deciding what order (if any) to make about costs, the court must have regard to all the circumstances, including - the conduct of all the parties; whether a party has succeeded on part of his case, even if he has not been wholly successful; and any payment into court or admissible offer to settle made by a party which is drawn to the court's attention (whether or not made in accordance with Part 36).
> | (Part 36 contains further provisions about how the court's discretion is to be exercised where a payment into court or an offer to settle is made under that Part)
> | (5) | The conduct of the parties includes - conduct before, as well as during, the proceedings and in particular the extent to which the parties followed any relevant pre-action protocol; whether it was reasonable for a party to raise, pursue or contest a particular allegation or issue; the manner in which a party has pursued or defended his case or a particular allegation or issue; and whether a claimant who has succeeded in his claim, in whole or in part, exaggerated his claim.
> | (6) | The orders which the court may make under this rule include an order that a party must pay - a proportion of another party's costs; a stated amount in respect of another party's costs; costs from or until a certain date only; costs incurred before proceedings have begun; costs relating to particular steps taken in the proceedings; costs relating only to a distinct part of the proceedings; and interest on costs from or until a certain date, including a date before judgment.
> | (7) | Where the court would otherwise consider making an order under paragraph (6)(f), it must instead, if practicable, make an order under paragraph (6)(a) or (c).
> | (8) | Where the court has ordered a party to pay costs, it may order an amount to be paid on account before the costs are assessed.
> | (9) | Where a party entitled to costs is also liable to pay costs the court may assess the costs which that party is liable to pay and either - set off the amount assessed against the amount the party is entitled to be paid and direct him to pay any balance; or delay the issue of a certificate for the costs to which the party is entitled until he has paid the amount which he is liable to pay.

> ### BASIS OF ASSESSMENT

> 44.4 | (1) | Where the court is to assess the amount of costs (whether by summary or detailed assessment) it will assess those costs - on the standard basis; or on the indemnity basis, but the court will not in either case allow costs which have been unreasonably incurred or are unreasonable in amount.
> | (Rule 48.3 sets out how the court decides the amount of costs payable under a contract)
> | (2) | Where the amount of costs is to be assessed on the standard basis, the court will - only allow costs which are proportionate to the matters in issue; and resolve any doubt which it may have as to whether costs were reasonably incurred or reasonable and proportionate in amount in favour of the paying party.
> | (Factors which the court may take into account are set out in rule 44.5)
> | (3) | Where the amount of costs is to be assessed on the indemnity basis, the court will resolve any doubt which it may have as to whether costs were reasonably incurred or were reasonable in amount in favour of the receiving party.
> | (4) | Where - the court makes an order about costs without indicating the basis on which the costs are to be assessed; or the court makes an order for costs to be assessed on a basis other than the standard basis or the indemnity basis, the costs will be assessed on the standard basis.
> | (5) | This rule and Part 47 (detailed assessment of costs by a costs officer) do not apply to the extent that regulations made under the Legal Aid Act 1988(54) determine the amount payable.
> | (6) | Where the amount of a solicitor's remuneration in respect of non-contentious business is regulated by any general orders made under the Solicitors Act 1974(55), the amount of the costs to be allowed in respect of any such business which falls to be assessed by the court will be decided in accordance with those general orders rather than this rule and rule 44.5.

> ### FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DECIDING THE AMOUNT OF COSTS

> 44.5 | (1) | The court is to have regard to all the circumstances in deciding whether costs were - if it is assessing costs on the standard basis - proportionately and reasonably incurred; or were proportionate and reasonable in amount, or if it is assessing costs on the indemnity basis - unreasonably incurred; or unreasonable in amount.
> | (2) | In particular the court must give effect to any orders which have already been made.
> | (3) | The court must also have regard to - the conduct of all the parties, including in particular - conduct before, as well as during, the proceedings; and the efforts made, if any, before and during the proceedings in order to try to resolve the dispute; the amount or value of any money or property involved; the importance of the matter to all the parties; the particular complexity of the matter or the difficulty or novelty of the questions raised; the skill, effort, specialised knowledge and responsibility involved; the time spent on the case; and the place where and the circumstances in which work or any part of it was done.
> | (Rule 35.4(4) gives the court power to limit the amount that a party may recover with regard to the fees and expenses of an expert)

> ### FIXED COSTS

> 44.6 | A party may recover the fixed costs specified in Part 45 in accordance with that Part.

> ### PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING COSTS

> 44.7 | Where the court orders a party to pay costs to another party (other than fixed costs) it may either -
> |  | make a summary assessment of the costs; or order detailed assessment of the costs by a costs officer,
> | unless any rule, practice direction or other enactment provides otherwise. (The costs practice direction sets out the factors which will affect the court's decision under this rule)

> ### TIME FOR COMPLYING WITH AN ORDER FOR COSTS

> 44.8 | A party must comply with an order for the payment of costs within 14 days of -
> |  | the date of the judgment or order if it states the amount of those costs; or if the amount of those costs (or part of them) is decided later in accordance with Part 47, the date of the certificate which states the amount.
> | (Part 47 sets out the procedure for detailed assessment of costs)

> ### COSTS ON THE SMALL CLAIMS TRACK AND FAST TRACK

> 44.9 | (1) | Part 27 (small claims) and Part 46 (fast track trial costs) contain special rules about - liability for costs; the amount of costs which the court may award; and the procedure for assessing costs.
> | (2) | Once a claim is allocated to a particular track, those special rules shall apply to the period before, as well as after, allocation except where the court or a practice direction provides otherwise.

> ### LIMITATION ON AMOUNT COURT MAY ALLOW WHERE A CLAIM ALLOCATED TO THE FAST TRACK SETTLES BEFORE TRIAL

> 44.10 | (1) | Where the court - assesses costs in relation to a claim which - has been allocated to the fast track; and settles before the start of the trial; and is considering the amount of costs to be allowed in respect of a party's advocate for preparing for the trial, it may not allow, in respect of those advocate's costs, an amount that exceeds the amount of fast track trial costs which would have been payable in relation to the claim had the trial taken place.
> | (2) | When deciding the amount to be allowed in respect of the advocate's costs, the court shall have regard to - when the claim was settled; and when the court was notified that the claim had settled.
> | (3) | In this rule, 'advocate' and 'fast track trial costs' have the meanings given to them by Part 46.
> | (Part 46 sets out the amount of fast track trial costs which may be awarded)

> ### COSTS FOLLOWING ALLOCATION AND RE-ALLOCATION

> 44.11 | (1) | Any costs orders made before a claim is allocated will not be affected by allocation.
> | (2) | Where - a claim is allocated to a track; and the court subsequently re-allocates that claim to a different track, then unless the court orders otherwise, any special rules about costs applying - to the first track, will apply to the claim up to the date of re-allocation; and to the second track, will apply from the date of re-allocation.
> | (Part 26 deals with the allocation and re-allocation of claims between tracks )

> ### CASES WHERE COSTS ORDERS DEEMED TO HAVE BEEN MADE

> 44.12 | (1) | Where a right to costs arises under - rule 3.7 (defendant's right to costs where claim struck out for non-payment of fees); rule 36.13(1) (claimant's right to costs where he accepts defendant's Part 36 offer or Part 36 payment); rule 36.14 (claimant's right to costs where defendant accepts the claimant's Part 36 offer); or rule 38.6 (defendant's right to costs where claimant discontinues), a costs order will be deemed to have been made on the standard basis.
> | (2) | Interest payable pursuant to section 17 of the Judgments Act 1838(56) or section 74 of the County Courts Act 1984(57) on the costs deemed to have been ordered under paragraph (1) shall begin to run from the date on which the event which gave rise to the entitlement to costs occurred.

> ### SPECIAL SITUATIONS

> 44.13 | (1) | Where the court makes an order which does not mention costs no party is entitled to costs in relation to that order.
> | (2) | The court hearing an appeal may, unless it dismisses the appeal, make orders about the costs of the proceedings giving rise to the appeal as well as the costs of the appeal.
> | (3) | Where proceedings are transferred from one court to another, the court to which they are transferred may deal with all the costs, including the costs before the transfer.
> | (4) | Paragraph (3) is subject to any order of the court which ordered the transfer.

> ### COURT'S POWERS IN RELATION TO MISCONDUCT

> 44.14 | (1) | The court may make an order under this rule where - a party or his legal representative fails to conduct detailed assessment proceedings in accordance with Part 47 or any direction of the court; or it appears to the court that the conduct of a party or his legal representative, before or during the proceedings which gave rise to the assessment proceedings, was unreasonable or improper.
> | (2) | Where paragraph (1) applies, the court may - disallow all or part of the costs which are being assessed; or order the party at fault or his legal representative to pay costs which he has caused any other party to incur.
> | (3) | Where - the court makes an order under paragraph (2) against a legally represented party; and the party is not present when the order is made, the party's solicitor must notify his client in writing of the order no later than 7 days after the solicitor receives notice of the order.
> | (Other rules about costs can be found -
> |  | in Schedule 1, in the following RSC - O.45 (court may order act to be done at the expense of disobedient party); O.47 (writ of fieri facias to enforce payment of costs); and in Schedule 2, in the following CCR - O.27 (attachment of earnings - judgment creditor's entitlement to costs); O.28 (costs on judgment summons); O.30 (garnishee proceedings - judgment creditor's entitlement to costs); O.49 (costs incurred in making a payment in under section 63 of the Trustee Act 1925 to be assessed by the detailed procedure)).

> ### Endnote:

> (54) | 1988 c.34
> (55) | 1974 c.47.
> (56) | 1838 c.110. Section 17 was amended by S.I. 1998/2940.
> (57) | 1984 c.28. Section 74 was amended by section (2) of the Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995 (c.42).

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