@prefix aiiso: . @prefix cc: . @prefix dc1: . @prefix dcat: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix hydra: . @prefix mads: . @prefix org1: . @prefix skos: . @prefix tdwgi: . @prefix vcard: . @prefix void: . @prefix xsd: . dcat:dataset , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a hydra:PagedCollection ; hydra:firstPage "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/catalog.n3?page=1" ; hydra:itemsPerPage 100 ; hydra:lastPage "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/catalog.n3?page=3" ; hydra:nextPage "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/catalog.n3?page=2" ; hydra:totalItems 295 . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Hugh F Carter; Guadalupe Bribiesca-Contreras; Suzanne T Williams" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-05-21T14:20:43.720004"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2025-05-21T14:21:25.732944"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Global Asteroidea Occurrence Data" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This is a dataset to accompany a paper to Nature Ecology and Evolution: Carter, Hugh. F; Bribiesca-Contreras, G; Williams, Suzanne T. 2025. Deep seafloor diversity in Asteroidea is shaped by competing processes across different latitudes and oceans. The dataset consists of a manually curated set of occurrence records for 1751 species of Asteroidea (Echinodermata). Fields presented are: Order, Family, Genus, Species, Subspecies, Latitude, Longitude, Minimum Depth, Maximum Depth and Reference (for Manually added specimens only). The full geographic validation and cleaning process is laid out in the methods of the paper attached to this dataset. These data were used to generate spatial patterns of Asteroidea species richness across the global oceans. Most data were compiled from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF ) or the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS). An additional set of occurrence records were compiled from literature sources and collection specimens at the Natural History Museum (London) and a reference is provided for these records.\r """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "biogeography", "echinodermata" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Martin Honey; Malcolm J Scoble" ] ; dc1:issued "2020-08-04T12:35:59.039897"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:40:45.763230"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Linnaeus's Butterfly Type Specimens" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """## Introduction\r This image database is intended primarily for taxonomists and other researchers, but the historical importance of the specimens portrayed is such that we hope they will attract a broader audience. The database contains images of the butterfly specimens upon which Linnaeus based his descriptions.\r \r Linnaeus described 305 taxa under the name _Papilio_. Of these, 241 refer to currently valid butterfly species names and two to subspecies. This site has been developed as an adjunct to a paper published on Linnaeus's butterflies, and makes images of type specimens and their labels available. Details of the publication are as follows:\r \r Linnaeus's butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). _Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society_, 2001, **132**: 277-399, by [Martin R. Honey](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/contact-enquiries/forms/emailform.jsp?recip=m.honey&business_title=M.Honey&email_title=Linnaean+Type+Specimens+website+enquiry) and [Malcolm J. Scoble](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/contact-enquiries/forms/emailform.jsp?recip=m.scoble&business_title=M.Scoble&email_title=Linnaean+Type+Specimens+website+enquiry).\r \r ## Sources of specimens\r The specimens on which Linnaeus based his descriptions are housed in several institutions. Most were found either in his personal collection, now in the Linnean Society of London, or in that of Queen Ludovica Ulrica, now in the Zoological Museum of the University of Uppsala, Sweden. Further material was examined from the collections of Carl Clerck and Charles De Geer, both housed in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, and from the material of James Petiver, which forms part of the collection of Sir Hans Sloane, in the Natural History Museum, London.\r \r ## About the project\r The project was carried out at the Natural History Museum, London, in association with [The Linnean Society of London](https://www.linnean.org/), and was supported by a grant from [The Leverhulme Trust](https://www.leverhulme.ac.uk/). It is hoped that eventually all the existing primary types will be illustrated on this site. Initially, nearly all those from The Linnean Society of London have been posted.\r \r ## Labels\r The small labels associated with the images are by Linnaeus, while the larger ones were added subsequently by Sir James Edward Smith, who purchased Linnaeus's collection.\r \r ## Acknowledgements\r The authors thank the Natural Environmental Research Council for a publications grant (administered by The Linnean Society of London) that enabled this website to be developed.\r \r ## Related resources\r [The Cockayne database of UK butterflies](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/cockayne/).\r \r ---\r \r _This data was originally hosted at [https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linntypes/](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linntypes/) but has been moved to the NHM Data Portal._""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Dan Minchin; Claire Griffin; Mark Carine" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-05-05T21:35:46.036515"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-10-14T17:35:37.273341"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Ipomoea tiliacea (Wild.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) seeds stranded on the south-west coast of Ireland (H1)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Alignment of 399bp fragment of the nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer region comprising 132 samples of the Ipomoea batatas group, used by Minchin, Griffin and Carine to investigate the identity of three Ipomoea specimens grown from seeds stranded on the south-west coast of Ireland. See: Minchin, Griffin and Carine (submitted) Ipomoea tiliacea (Wild.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) seeds stranded on the south-west coast of Ireland (H1). British and Irish Botany" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "ipomoea", "its region", "seeds", "stranded" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Helen Phillips; Adriana De Palma; Ricardo E Gonzalez; Sara Contu; Samantha L L Hill; Andrés Baselga; Luca Borger; Andy Purvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2021-10-04T09:50:44.964281"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-01-26T16:49:41.992323"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1970-2050" ; dc1:title "The Biodiversity Intactness Index - country, region and global-level summaries for the year 1970 to 2050 under various scenarios" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Using the PREDICTS database of local biodiversity measures at thousands of sites around the world, we statistically modelled how total abundance of organisms and compositional similarity responded to land use and related pressures. We combined these models with spatio-temporal projections of explanatory variables (at 0.25 degrees spatial resolution) from the year 1970 to 2050 under five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) to project the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII). Mean BII (weighted by cell area) was calculated at the country, subregion, interregion and global level. We used cross-validation (leaving one biome out in turn) to produce decadal upper and lower uncertainty margins for 1970-2050. These summary data were uploaded to the Natural History Museum's Biodiversity Trends Explorer on 2021-10-27. We have also provided mean values of some of the pressures, as changes in these contribute to changes in BII.\r \r Please note that this data product is deprecated. Please see here for the latest public release of the Biodiversity Intactness Index: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/bii-developed-by-nhm-v2-1-1-limited-release\r """ ; dcat:distribution , , , ; dcat:landingPage , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robin Whittaker; Ergian Musto" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-08-04T14:06:13.854063"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-08-04T14:07:40.491687"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1990-2022" ; dc1:title "John Whittaker's collection of micropalaeontological slides from his archaeological studies" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "This is a listing of all of the unregistered slides from John Whittaker's work on Archaeological Sites from the UK. Each row represents an assemblage slide of mixed micropalaeontological materials (mainly Foraminifera and Ostracoda) from work done towards the end of his career at the NHM and during his retirement." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "assemblage slides", "foraminifera", "micropalaeontology", "ostracoda" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Debra Turner; Fred Rumsey; Mark Carine" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-03-18T11:33:27.906106"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:11.804901"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "The Herbarium of John Ray FRS (1627 – 1705)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """John Ray F.R.S. (1627-1705) was the leading English naturalist of the 17th century. The son of a blacksmith, born in Black Notley in Essex, Ray was educated at Trinity College Cambridge, where he would also become a Fellow. Ray took holy orders in 1660 but subsequently resigned in 1662, unable to conform to the requirements of the Act of Uniformity.\r \r After leaving Cambridge, Ray travelled extensively, both through Britain and Europe, with his former student, friend and later patron, Francis Willughby. He made botanical collections during those travels. The bulk of the specimens in Ray’s herbarium are European, or from cultivation, collected during Ray’s European travels between 1663 and 1665 (Trimen, 1870), described by Ray in his Observations in the Low Countries (1673). There are, additionally, a number of specimens from England that Trimen suggests were probably collected during travels in 1667 and 1668. The plants gathered on his British tours were described in his Catalogus plantarum Angliae (1670). Ray's specimens were also used for his Methodus plantarum nova (1682) and the Historia generalis plantarum which he published in three volumes in 1686, 1688 and 1704. As Trimen (1870) noted, Ray’s botanical specimens are therefore of particular value in determining the identity of plants described in his publications.\r \r Ray’s herbarium comprises 523 sheets arranged in 20 lettered fascicles (A-Y but with no I, P, U, V or X) and with each fascicle comprising between 9 and 44 numbered sheets (although there are two sheets labelled F16, with the second distinguished by an asterisk, and one sheet in fascicle R is unnumbered). The sheets typically contain multiple specimens that are stitched to the paper on which they are mounted and that are labelled in the hand of Ray (or, possibly, Dale). The sheets were subsequently remounted after their transfer to BM. Typically, the original sheet is mounted onto the larger sheet but this is not always the case and in some instances only the specimens and labels were remounted.\r \r Not all of the specimens that originally formed part of Ray’s herbarium survive since a significant number of sheets have been cut and, in some cases, the past existence of specimens is evident only from plant fragments, stitch holes, discolouration, or the accompanying name.\r \r Upon his death in 1705, Ray bequeathed his herbarium to the apothecary Samuel Dale. While in Dale’s possession, he produced an alphabetically arranged catalogue to the herbarium that lists pre-Linnean polynomial names, sometimes with the place of publication and, more rarely, with synonyms. References to the sheets on which specimens referrable to that name are found are also provided. The catalogue collectively accounts for 1225 specimens, although no specimens from the 89 sheets that make up fascicles T, W or Y were catalogued by Dale.\r \r The dataset provided here contains two resources. The first is a transcription of Dale’s catalogue to the herbarium that serves as a taxonomic index. Links to images of the corresponding herbarium sheets and the relevant page from Dale's catalogue are included for each specimen entry. In the future, we aim to include modern determinations. \r \r The second comprises images of all 523 herbarium sheets.\r \r A digital edition of Dale's catalogue to Ray's herbarium is available on the Library and Archives archive viewer: https://nhm.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/delivery/44NHM_INST:44NHM_V1/12244210500002081\r \r Reference: Trimen, H. (1870). Notes on Ray’s ‘Hortus Siccus’. Journal of Botany, British and foreign 8: 82—84.\r """ ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "herbarium", "hsds heritage science", "pre-linnean" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Glory Turnbull; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Leo Le Good; Roisin Mackie; Skye Neal; Kathryn Royce Schronk; Larissa Welton; Peter Wing; Hillery Warner; Chiho Ikebe; Geoff Martin; Robyn Crowther" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-07-18T14:21:57.374563"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-07-18T14:48:53.729423"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1950 to present" ; dc1:title "John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection comprises the records of all the pinned material donated by John Chainey to the Lepidoptera Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (July 2025).\r \r The John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection was digitised to improve access and support research into British and Irish Lepidoptera\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing a dorsal view of the specimen and its associated labels, creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) taxon information, and location in the collection.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "digital collections", "digital collections programme", "lepidoptera", "pinned insects" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Sandra Knapp; Chris Dixon; John Hunnex" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-07-31T09:55:56.455100"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-08-26T09:03:03.778379"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Catalysts for change: museum gardens in a planetary emergency" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "A csv file containing collector and identification records for herbarium specimens found that have been collected in the Museum grounds. Dates range from 1865 to 2022. As the Natural History Museum herbarium (BM) is imaged and digitised we are likely to find more collections, particularly from the early 20th century. Current plant records in the gardens are observational only and can be found in the resources mentioned in the text. More specimens will be available as we encounter them via the search function on the NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/)." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "botany", "museum gardens" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Consuelo Sendino" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-01-26T09:58:09.155351"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:06.789935"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Lyell Collection - List of specimens" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Lyell Collection with identifications, and specimen numbers " ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science", "identification", "lyell collection", "registration", "specimen number" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:contributor """Epi Vaccaro\r Dave Smith\r Henry Buckley""" ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller" ] ; dc1:issued "2018-09-10T13:39:00.812201"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2024-09-24T13:35:16.375263"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1844-2009" ; dc1:title "Ocean Bottom Deposits Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "The Ocean Bottom Deposits Collection contains over 28,000 items derived from sea floor sediment collections. These include sediment residues in tubes/bottles/jars, hand specimens and slides. This dataset is a Darwin Core export of specimen records available individually on the Data Portal with some additional information." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "foraminifera", "minerals", "ocean sediments" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Sophie Corrigan; Elizabeth J, Cottier-Cook; Phaik Eem Lim; Juliet Brodie" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-05-02T10:18:47.073568"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2025-05-02T10:20:44.198402"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "The State of the World's Seaweeds 2025" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The oceans are experiencing extraordinary human-induced threats from global climate change, overfishing, pollution and an increase in invasive non-native species. Seaweeds create the largest vegetated marine habitats on the planet, which underpin global marine function but are threatened by the impacts of environmental change. Despite the importance of seaweeds, and the threats they face, they are afforded inadequate conservation measures, a major gap which urgently needs to be addressed.\r \r The state of the world’s seaweeds has come about as a result of this need. It provides the evidence-base which will inform a ‘Seaweed Breakthrough’, a potentially powerful means of protecting seaweeds and seaweed habitats through the UNFCCC High Level Climate Champion 2030 Breakthrough Agenda. Through setting global targets to halt habitat loss, protect and restore habitats and secure sustainable investment, Breakthroughs falling under the overarching goal for Marine Conservation aim to achieve significant change to reach a resilient, zero carbon future by 2030 across every sector of the global economy.\r \r We have compiled an up-to-date overview on the state of the world’s seaweeds. Through a series of chapters covering information on seaweed distribution, habitats, ecosystem\r services, as well as how they are threatened, protected and restored, we have identified knowledge gaps and drafted ambitious high-level targets that will form the basis of expert-led workshops to support the Seaweed Breakthrough.\r \r This review demonstrates how important seaweeds and their habitats are in the functioning of marine ecosystems, global fisheries, food security, valuable materials for industrial and\r pharmaceutical uses and, therefore, livelihoods. It documents what is known. For example, we now have quantitative evidence for the severity of losses and degradation that kelp\r forests are suffering in many regions around the world. Less is known about most other seaweed habitats, as they have received far less attention. For example, rhodolith beds,\r habitats formed by free-living calcified red seaweeds, are extensive in many parts of the world and are still being discovered. However, they are threatened by pollution, habitat\r degradation, climate change, ocean acidification and trawling. Deep-water seaweed habitats have also only been studied in a tiny fraction of the oceans yet are likely to hold\r diversity that is still to be discovered. """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "algae", "biodiversity", "conservation", "ecosystem services", "protection", "restoration", "seaweeds", "taxonomy" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Joseph McNeil; Roger Stabbins" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-03-02T11:41:09.970273"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-04-20T11:59:16.647607"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "CaSSIS Resampled Data Record (CaRDR): A Near-Global Multispectral View of Mars from CRISM-CaSSIS Resampling" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "The CaSSIS Resampled Data Record (CaRDR), provides a near-global \"CaSSIS-style\" four-band multispectral view of the martian surface at a spatial resolution of ~90 m/pixel. By spectrally resampling the 92-band CRISM VNIR Hyperspectral Reduced Data Record (VRDR) mapping dataset into the specific spectral response functions of the ExoMars TGO CaSSIS instrument (Near-Infrared, Red, Panchromatic, and Blue), this collection bridges the gap between global hyperspectral reconnaissance and high-resolution targeted imaging. This dataset enables precise current and future orbital image acquisition by identifying colourful targets invisible in panchromatic data while facilitating regional-scale investigations into martian surface evolution and compositional heterogeneity at sub-hectometre resolutions." ; dcat:distribution , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "cassis", "crism", "geology", "georeferenced", "mars", "multispectral", "planetary", "planetary science", "remote sensing", "resampling", "solar system", "spectral", "surface", "visible", "vnir" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Chris Raper" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-09-01T13:11:43.810661"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-09-01T13:13:23.634891"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2012-2026" ; dc1:title "UK Species Inventory - Master Copy (EA)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "A copy of the UKSI data in ZIPped Microsoft Access format" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "nbn", "taxonomy", "uk species inventory", "uksi" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Citizen Science" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Joseph Razzell Hollis; Gabrielle Henderson; Jennifer Lavers; Edward Rea; Valeriya Komyakova; Alexander Bond" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-11-20T18:35:34.060424"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-05T08:27:43.787216"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2021 - 2022" ; dc1:title "Marine Plastic Pollution Ingested by Flesh-Footed Shearwaters" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """# Introduction\r \r This image database is intended for the analysis of physical and colorimetric properties of plastic litter consumed by fledgling seabirds, but we hope that these images will also serve to highlight the seriousness of the threat to marine wildlife posed by plastic pollution, with some fledglings having ingested more than 200 pieces of plastic.\r \r This database was made available as part of the publication of a paper describing the methodology we developed for quantitative photography of plastic pollution, in the hope that it will improve the robustness and accuracy with which plastic pollution is measured in terms of size, shape, and colour of individual fragments. Details of the publication are as follows:\r \r # About the project\r \r Each image represents the plastic (and pumice) removed from the digestive system of a single Flesh-footed shearwater (Ardenna carneipes) fledgling during fieldwork undertaken by Alexander L Bond and Jennifer L Lavers in 2021 and 2022, as part of a long-term project studying trends in plastic consumption and effects on this highly-impacted marine species. Plastics were removed from the proventriculus and the gizzard of each bird and stored separately for imaging. An X-Rite colour reference card is included in each image for the purposes of calibration and scaling.\r \r # Image Acquisition and Processing\r \r The 2021 image set was acquired using a Canon EOS 4000D DSLR at the Natural History Museum in Tring, UK by Joseph Razzell Hollis. The 2022 image set was acquired using a Canon EOS 1500D DSLR at the University of Tasmania by Gabrielle Henderson. Both image sets were processed in Adobe LightRoom to remove lens distortion, and then colour-corrected using custom Python script written by Joseph Razzell Hollis. For a full description of methods and data analysis, see Razzell Hollis et al. (2023).\r \r # Acknowledgements\r \r We would like to acknowledge the Tasmanian Aboriginal people as the traditional owners and first scientists of the land where this research was conducted. JRH was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 101030480. This research was approved by the Charles Sturt University Animal Ethics Committee (A22382), New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage (SL100169), Lord Howe Island Board (LHIB 07/18), and the University of Tasmania Human Ethics Panel (H0028598). """ ; dcat:distribution , , , , ; dcat:keyword "anthropocene", "plastics", "pollution" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Gavin Broad; Natalie Dale-Skey; David G. Notton" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-09-25T16:38:51.618585"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:31:20.011890"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Cooper Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Cooper collection comprises the records of all material from the Martin Cooper acquisition (BMNH-ENT-2018-128) at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (March 2019). \r \r The Cooper collection primarily consists of Hymenoptera specimens and nests but also includs specimens from 16 other Orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Blattodea, Dermaptera, Embioptera, Mantodea, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Plecoptera, Psocoptera and Trichoptera). \r \r The Cooper collection was digitised to refine our pinned insect workflow, where the labels do not need to be removed (ALICE - Angled Label Image Capture and Extraction), and to develop protocols for entry point digitisation for acquisition material.\r \r Each specimen record has been published with six images capturing dorsal, lateral and multiple angled views of the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and type status.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "alice", "blattodea", "coleoptera", "dermaptera", "digital collections programme", "diptera", "embioptera", "hemiptera", "hymenoptera", "mantodea", "martin cooper", "mecoptera", "megaloptera", "neuroptera", "odonata", "orthoptera", "phasmatodea", "pinned insects", "plecoptera", "psocoptera", "trichoptera" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Corporate" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Miranda Sherlock; Mark Wilkinson; Simon Maddock; Julia Day; Jeffrey Streicher" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-08-29T16:14:56.288602"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-09-23T14:13:10.246615"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Submerged corridors of ancient gene flow in an insular caecilian amphibian" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Many island archipelagos sit on shallow continental shelves. During the Pleistocene, these islands were often connected as global sea levels dropped following glaciation. Given a continental shelf only 30–60 m below sea level, the terrestrial biota of the Seychelles archipelago likely dispersed amongst now isolated islands during the Pleistocene. _Hypogeophis rostratus_ is a caecilian amphibian found on ten islands in the Seychelles. Despite the seemingly limited dispersal abilities of a terrestrial, salt-intolerant, and primarily fossorial amphibian, this broad geographical distribution suggests historic dispersal across now submerged continental shelf corridors. Here, we tested for the genetic signature of these historic corridors despite thousands of generations spent isolated on different islands. Using fine-scale genomic data (ddRADseq) we found that genomic clusters often did not correspond to islands in the archipelago. Additionally, isolation-by-distance patterns were more consistent with gene flow across a continuous landscape than isolated island populations. Using effective migration surfaces and ancestral range expansion prediction we found support for contemporary populations originating near the large southern island of Mahé and dispersing to northern islands via the isolated Frégate island, with additional historic migration across the flat expanse of the Seychelles bank. Collectively, our results suggest that biogeographic patterns can retain signals from Pleistocene ‘palaeo-islands’, and that present-day islands can be thought of as hosting bottlenecks or transient refugia rather than discrete genetic units. Thus, the signatures of gene flow associated with palaeo-islands may be stronger than the isolating effects of contemporary islands in terrestrial species distributed on continental shelf islands." ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "gymnophiona", "historic gene flow", "indian ocean", "island biogeography", "sea level change" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Jonathan Whittaker" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-08-28T21:08:24.551041"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2025-08-28T21:25:59.475770"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Imperial College of London Royal School of Mines Micropalaeontological Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "This dataset provides a drawer level listing of the Imperial College Royal School of Mines microfossil collection of mainly Foraminifera collected by Dr David Carter. It was compiled by Jonathan Whittaker and includes information about collections from 89 different countries worldwide. Significant collections include material from the Channel Tunnel investigations in the English Channel and for the Thames Barrier in the Thames Estuary. Column headers provide details of David Carter's own numbering system as well as location of collection details. Most slides are assemblage material but some are thin sections. Stratigraphic information is available via an associated card index." ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "foraminifera", "imperial college" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Victoria Pickering; Jawad Sadek; Foteini Valeonti; Shirley Chang; Jiawei Liu; Yuyan Yang; Binkai Ma; Siyi Zhang; Jiayi Du; Julianne Nyhan; Andreas Vlachidis; Mark Carine" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-06-21T15:23:32.852020"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:39.619527"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1715-1753" ; dc1:title "Annotations in Hans Sloane's copy of John Ray's Historia Plantarum (1686-1704)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """John Ray’s Historia Plantarum is a three-volume work in Latin comprising three volumes. Volumes I and II were published in 1686 and 1688, and contain approximately 1,000 pages each. Volume III is a supplementary volume published in 1704 consisting of three parts (the Supplementum, Dendrologia and the Appendix) that are separately numbered. Like other botanical publications of the early modern period, it is a work that aimed to create a world-wide encyclopaedia of the flora then known to European Natural Historians, listing and describing the known species at the time. Increasing numbers of new species were reaching taxonomists in Britain and Europe every year, and Ray classified in the Historia Plantarum, approximately 18,000 plant species with details about their structures, anatomy, and botanical differences. Common names are often provided and the descriptions typically also included details related to habitats, times of flowering, whether annual or perennial as well as medicinal properties. Historia Plantarum pre-dates the Linnean binomial system of nomenclature and so the names it enumerates are typically polynomial names.\r \r Hans Sloane (1660-1753) and his assistants used Sloane’s personal copy of Ray’s Historia Plantarum to classify and catalogue the plant specimens found throughout the 337 Horti Sicci in his herbarium. This copy, which is housed within the NHM’s Historical Botanical Collection, alongside the Sloane Herbarium, contains a plethora of handwritten annotations and markings. In the side margins of the folios are handwritten notations that are next to, or, in very close proximity to a plant name. These annotations take the form of ‘H.S. [Hortus siccus number] [folio number] and act as an indexing reference to the physical location of a specimen within the herbarium. In some cases, an additional numbers specifies a precise specimen on a folio or page. At the top and bottom margins of the pages (headers and footers), are additional handwritten annotations containing plant names and indexing references to the herbarium following the same volume and folio format found within the side margins. Here, the plant species names are those not already included within Ray’s list. \r \r Together, the marginal annotations, along with the headers and footers provide the most comprehensive (albeit still partial) index to the Sloane Herbarium. As a result of the AHRC-funded project Sloane Lab: looking back to build future shared collections, which forms part of the Towards a National Collection (TaNC) programme, the data in this copy of Ray’s Historia Plantarum, most relevant for digitally searching the Sloane Herbarium (and therefore the founding botanical collection of the NHM), has been mobilised and is presented here in an excel format.\r \r A total of 40,174 specimens are referred to across the three volumes of Ray's Historia Plantarum. The majority (29803) are referred to names enumerated by Ray; while the remainder are referred to additional names listed in the headers and footers. \r \r The Data description provides details of the data contained in this dataset: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/sloane-historia-plantarum/resource/a4a8f309-f496-40d9-af76-730adade9cb8\r \r This work was supported by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council Towards a National Collection Programme (Grant AH/W003457/1).""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "hans sloane", "herbarium", "hsds heritage science", "plant names", "pre-linnean" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Edgley Cesar" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-11-19T16:51:14.516517"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:45.151010"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1840-1950" ; dc1:title "Diatoms Herbarium Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Diatoms Herbarium is an ancillary collection in the Diatoms Collections at the Natural History Museum. It comprises processed and unprocessed samples preserved dried directly onto paper, glass or mica sheets and stored in paper packets mounted on standard herbarium sheets. Each herbarium sheet may contain one to several of these packets. This collection is rich in samples containing type material, including many by F. T. Kützing and W. Smith, as well as historical exsiccate sets such as G.L. Rabenhorst's _Algarum europaearum Exsiccatarum_ and Ardissone's _Erbario Critogammico Italiano_ and represent a valuable resource for diatoms taxonomy investigations using modern techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy.\r \r This dataset provides a complete catalogue of the Diatom Herbarium. Each specimen has been databased to capture, minimally, its registration number (barcode) and the 'filed as' name, which may or may not be the currently accepted name. Most of these specimens have images associated with them, such as a photograph of the herbarium sheet.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "diatom", "herbarium", "herbarium sheets", "herbarium specimens", "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Blanca Huertas" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-10-01T09:57:19.965565"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:19:46.578038"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1939- present day" ; dc1:title "Papilionoidea New Types Digitisation Project" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Papilionoidea type collection comprises the records of recently acquired (~last 20 years) Papilionoidea type material held within a synoptic collection at the Natural History Museum, London.\r \r This synoptic type collection was digitised to create specimen records and capture specimen metadata. Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen (dorsal and ventral habitus) and its associated labels, and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status, determination date, taxonomic authority and country level collection locality.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "butterflies", "digital collections programme", "lepidoptera", "papilionoidea", "pinned insects", "type" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Peter Wing; Louise Allan; James Ayre; Blanca Huertas; Charlotte Barclay; Laurence Livermore; Geoff Martin" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-09-27T10:56:56.367311"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-29T07:33:50.029956"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Birdwing Butterfly Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Birdwing Butterfly collection comprises the records of all the pinned material of Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (March 2019).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. All specimens will have an additional image capturing the ventral (adult specimens) or lateral (immature stages) view as well as the reverse side of labels.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme through the funding of an anonymous donor.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "anonymous donor", "birdwing butterflies", "digital collections programme", "lepidoptera", "ornithoptera", "pinned insects", "trogonoptera", "troides" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Larissa Welton; Larissa Welton; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Leo Le Good; Roisin Mackie; Skye Neal; Kathryn Royce Schronk; Glory Turnbull; Peter Wing; Chiho Ikebe; Hillery Warner; Daniel Hall" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-04-02T13:39:42.494920"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-04-02T13:43:45.637899"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Small Orders Slide Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Small Orders Slide Collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted material of Archaeognatha, Collembola, Diplura, Protura, Psocoptera, Thysanura and Zoraptera housed in the Small Orders Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (June 2025).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the slide and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) and taxon information.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset is part of a project covering a range of orders.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "archaeognatha", "collembola", "digital collections", "digitisation", "diplura", "mass-digitisation", "microscope slides", "protura", "psocoptera", "slide collections", "thysanura", "zoraptera" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Ranee Om Prakash; Krisztina Lohonya; Hillery Warner; Larissa Welton; Chiho Ikebe; Louise Berridge; Ashleigh Whittaker; Skye Neal; Emma Bonzo; Glory Turnbull; John Wood; Jovita C. Yesilyurt; Mark Carine; Rinku Desai; Peter Wing; Louise Allan" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-02-27T16:18:57.631063"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T09:02:20.821337"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Convolvulaceae Digitisation" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Convolvulaceae collection comprises the records of all the sheet-mounted material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (September 2023).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (barcode), taxon information and geographical locality.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "botany", "convolvulaceae", "digital collections programme", "digitisation", "herbarium sheets", "solanales" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Stephanie Avery-Gomm; Nia Potapova; Chrissie Potter; Alexander Bond; Stephanie B. Borrelle; Jennifer L. Lavers; Steven J. Portugal; Hugh P. Possingham; Jennifer F. Provencher; Natalie Cooper" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-10-29T11:22:29.016780"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-11T17:38:00.996812"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1960-2024" ; dc1:title "Global seabird plastic occurrence database" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """**Data from the paper**: Frequency of plastic occurrence varies across phylogeny but not ecology in seabirds. 2026. Stephanie Avery-Gomm, Nia Potapova, Chrissie Potter, Alexander L. Bond, Stephanie B. Borrelle, Jennifer L. Lavers, Steven J. Portugal, Hugh P. Possingham, Jennifer F. Provencher, and Natalie Cooper. ADD LINK.\r \r Code for all analyses can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/nhcooper123/PhyloPlastics. This is archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20072872.\r \r > Natalie Cooper & Andrew MacDonald. Code for the paper v1.0. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20072872\r \r Archived data are as follows. Please click on individual files below for their associated metadata.\r \r ## Raw data\r \r * **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data.csv**. The papers from our literature searches.\r * **02_plastic-ingestion-data.csv**. The raw plastic ingestion data extracted from papers in 01\r * **03_trait-data.csv**. Species specific trait data taken from the literature.\r \r ## Cleaned data used in the analyses\r The raw data were cleaned and aggregated prior to analyses. See `analyses/data-preparation` and `01-data-preparation.qmd` at https://github.com/nhcooper123/PhyloPlastics for more details. \r \r * **plastic-data-aggregated_2026.csv**. Aggregated data used in analyses.\r * **seabird-tree-plastic-2026.csv**. Phylogeny of Claramunt et al 2025 pruned to only species with plastic ingestion data. \r * **full-species-list-2026.csv**. Summarised dataset for all seabird species indicating which are/are not part of our plastic ingestion dataset. Used in the creation of Figure S2.\r \r ## Cleaned data used in sensitivity analyses\r \r * **plastic-data-aggregated-nest_2026.csv**. Aggregated data including nest-bound birds which were excluded from the main analyses. \r * **seabird-tree-plastic-nest-2026.csv**. Phylogeny of Claramunt et al 2025 pruned to only species with plastic occurrence data but including nest-bound birds which were excluded from the main analyses. \r * **seabird-tree-plastic-2026-no-additions.csv**. Phylogeny of Claramunt et al 2025 pruned to only species with plastic occurrence data and excluding the 35 species added to the phylogeny used in the main analyses. \r \r ## Taxonomy \r \r * **seabird-list-Clements2025.csv**. List of seabird species according to Clements et al 2025 taxonomy.\r \r The full taxonomy file can be found here: https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/. \r \r If you want to use the taxonomy please cite: \r > Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2025. The eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World: v2025. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/.\r \r ## Phylogeny\r \r * **sea-bird-tree-2026.nex**. Phylogeny of Claramunt et al. 2025 pruned to seabird species only.\r * **family-tree-2026.nex**. Family level phylogeny of Claramunt et al. 2025 pruned to seabird families only.\r * **tips-to-add.csv**. Details of 39 species missing from Claramunt et al. 2025 and how these were added to the phylogeny.\r \r The full raw phylogeny file can be found here: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evolucionario/BigBirdTree/refs/heads/main/RAGBackbone/BBtree3.tre. \r \r If you want to use the phylogeny please cite: \r > Claramunt, Santiago, Catherine Sheard, Joseph W. Brown, Gala Cortés-Ramírez, Joel Cracraft, Michelle M. Su, Brian C. Weeks, and Joseph A. Tobias. 2025. “A New Time Tree of Birds Reveals the Interplay between Dispersal, Geographic Range Size, and Diversification.” Current Biology 35 (16): 3883-3895.e4.""" ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "plastic pollution", "seabird" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Kenneth Johnson" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-03-22T15:02:19.966071"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-03-19T11:04:47.357536"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Part-processed Indonesian Fossil Specimens" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Collections of marine invertebrates from the Miocene and Pliocene of East Kalimantan Indonesia that have not been identified to specific taxa so cannot be added to the NHMUK catalogue.\r \r These collections are intended primarily for taxonomists and other researchers looking at the origins of marine biodiversity hotspots in Southeast Asia. Palaeontology and molecular studies have suggested that the formation of the ancestral centre of diversity could be related to the constriction of the Indonesian Throughflow Current during the Cenozoic resulting in increasing speciation and/or immigration from other regions. The Throughflow Project was Marie Curie Innovative Training Network that included members of Seven European Institutions with Eleven Early Stage Researchers completing PhD degrees within the framework. At the NHM the coral and bryozoan components were studied and collections remain here. \r \r These specimens resulted from collecting trips to East Kalimantan Indoneisa in in 2010 and 2011 by project team members. The deposits were Early Miocene – Pliocene in age. Most samples collected during the field work were fully processed and have been registered in the NHM collections management system. Other samples were part processed and not catalogued and they are currently stored in clear covered trays with labels of sample numbers, stratigraphy & full locality details of sites. Tray samples are stored numerically in numbered Really Useful Boxes. \r \r Funding for the Throughflow Project was provided by European Union as part of the Marie Curie Actions Plan Framework 7 Programme (Grant No 237922)\r \r """ ; dcat:distribution , , ; dcat:keyword "bryozoans", "corals", "miocene", "molluscs", "throughflow project" ; dcat:landingPage , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Brad Scott; Victoria Pickering; Mark Carine" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-06-20T17:07:40.573051"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:49.883022"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Hans Sloane’s collection of dried plants (the Sloanean Herbarium): an inventory" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """From the early 1680s until his death in 1753, London physician Hans Sloane amassed a vast collection of objects, among which were the 121,000 plant specimens that formed his herbarium. Though most have been re-bound, and some other interventions have occurred, the plant collection is still largely organised as it was in 1753. It comprises 337 numbered horti sicci (‘dried gardens’), bound into 265 volumes. A small proportion were gathered by Sloane himself, either in and around London or in France in the early 1680s, or on his voyage to Jamaica from 1687 to 1688. However, the majority of the collection was either bought by, or bequeathed or given to Sloane by other collectors, and over 320 named individuals are represented in this herbarium. While a large proportion of the collection is European, it also includes tens of thousands of specimens from much further afield. Their geographical distribution largely reflects British trading and colonial interests, but also includes plants from parts of the Portuguese and Spanish empires, as well as from Japan and China.\r \r This dataset provides high-level metadata for the collection. At its core is a survey of the entire herbarium, which records key information for each folio. This includes the number of specimens, illustrations or ‘manuscripts’ present, together with an indication of the presence/absence of: specimen labels; cross references to Sloane’s annotated copy of John Ray’s Historia Plantarum; common/local names in any language; usage information; names of people or places; and any modern (binomial) determinations. To this have been added the people and places identified for any given folio in The Sloane Herbarium (1958), edited by James Dandy, together with some corrections and additions.\r \r Dandy (1958) The Sloane Herbarium has been digitised and can be accessed on Biodiversity Heritage Library: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/137366\r \r For a description of the data contained in the dataset, please read the Data Description and Change Log: https://shorturl.at/8h0Wg\r \r This work was supported by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council Towards a National Collection Programme (Grant AH/W003457/1) and a doctoral studentship from the Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded London Arts and Humanities Programme Doctoral Training Partnership (Grant AH/R012679/1). """ ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "bound volume", "hans sloane", "herbarium", "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Charles Jarvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-11-14T15:17:02.142794"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:12.205247"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Specimens from Sloane's voyage to Jamaica" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Hans Sloane was a seventeenth-century doctor and collector. He amassed a vast amount of material that eventually formed the basis of the British Museum. In 1881, Sloane's botanical collections were transferred to the newly established Natural History Museum. \r \r A biography of Sloane can be found here: https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/hans-sloane-physician-collector-botanist.html\r \r In 1687, Sloane went to Jamaica as the personal physician of the Duke of Albemarle, the newly appointed governor of the island. The first seven volumes of Sloane's Herbarium contain the specimens collected during his voyage to Jamaica (1687-1689). They are the first plant specimens to be brought back to England from the region. The specimens were used in preparing the illustrations and text for his 'Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers, and Jamaica'.""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Stephen Stukins" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-04-12T10:53:58.863745"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:modified "2025-08-28T21:39:02.826087"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Plymouth University (Prof. Malcolm Hart) Microfossil Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "This is a collections level description of 12 cabinets from the research collection of Malcolm hart, donated in 2022 to the NHM." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "foraminifera", "micropalaeontology", "ostracoda" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller" ] ; dc1:issued "2018-07-11T15:54:10.816056"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-08-18T15:53:39.879631"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1861-2026" ; dc1:title "Conodont collection database" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "The database was first deposited in 2018 but has been updated in 2026 as supplementary information for a paper on the museum Conodont Collection. The dataset provides information on discrete sub-collections within the conodont collection housed at the Natural History Museum, London as well as a list of citing publications. A drawer label dataset for the 5 cabinets is included alongside data on citations and visits to the collection." ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "conodonts" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Charles Jarvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-11-14T13:27:21.303119"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2026-08-05T16:08:05.479633"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Clifford Herbarium" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The herbarium contains over 3,000 specimens collected by George Clifford (1685-1760), a wealthy Anglo-Dutch merchant. \r \r The Herbarium includes plants that were newly cultivated in Europe at the time of collection, as well as specimens from collectors around the world.\r \r The collection has a significant connection with Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), the 'father of modern botany' and deviser of the binomial system of scientific naming.\r \r Linnaeus worked at Clifford's estate near Haarlem between 1735 and 1737. Linnaeus described the plants growing there and wrote the Hortus Cliffortianus, in some ways a precursor of his Species Plantarum (1753). Many of the plants in Clifford's herbarium are type specimens for Linnaean names.\r """ ; dcat:distribution , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "herbarium specimens", "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Paul Andrew Brown" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-09-25T07:45:46.513700"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:25:26.720441"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Psylloidea Slide Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Psylloidea slide collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted psyllid material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (September 2018).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides. High resolution images were taken of specimens marked as a primary type.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "digital collections programme", "microscope slides", "psyllids", "psylloidea" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Victoria Pickering; Charles Jarvis; Mark Carine" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-02-01T13:28:30.175364"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:22.772645"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Hans Sloane's Collection of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Hans Sloane’s Collection of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances originally consisted of 12,752 botanical specimens, most housed in small glass and wooden boxes. Sealed inside these boxes were parts of plants such as seeds, beans, leaves, bark and gum, that were collected between the 1680s and 1750s. All sorts of people from around the world were involved in the transportation and exchange of these specimens. In London, Sloane had these items put into boxes, where they were numbered and a corresponding description of the item was entered into his manuscript catalogue.\r \r Today, the Vegetable Substances collection comprises more than 8000 surviving specimens/boxes and the original three-volume manuscript catalogue. This dataset includes a transcription of said manuscript and all 12,752 handwritten entries. At the core of these entries is information about what the object is, and from here, the level of detail is varied. This ranges from information about people and places, local uses of plants, margin annotations (which detail cabinet and drawer numbers where Sloane kept these things in his house) to bibliographic references, and modern determinations.\r \r Users are recommended to consult the 'Data description and change log' before using the resources provided here.\r \r A version of the transcription can also be found in the NHM library catalogue (Primo), together with images of the manuscript catalogue pages: https://nhm.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/44NHM_INST/16ehpmm/alma9936352402081.\r \r Please note: This dataset preserves the data in Sloane’s catalogue in their original form to retain authenticity and facilitate research. As such, some entries contain language that may be offensive and that is not acceptable nor appropriate in an inclusive environment.\r \r This work was supported by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council Towards a National Collection Programme (Grant AH/W003457/1).""" ; dcat:distribution , , ; dcat:keyword "18th century", "ethnobany", "hans sloane", "historical geography", "history of collecting", "history of medicine", "history of science", "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Glory Turnbull; Glory Turnbull; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Elizabeth Church; Xinzhu He; Leo Le Good; Roisin Mackie; Skye Neal; Sara Pomposelli; Zhonghui Qu; Kathryn Royce Schronk; Larissa Welton; Peter Wing; Chiho Ikebe; Hillery Warner; Geoff Martin; Alberto Zilli; Robert Worthy" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-04-09T08:55:52.946774"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-04-09T13:11:47.448994"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1850-2020" ; dc1:title "Castniidae Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Castniidae Collection comprises the records of all the pinned and spirit material of family Castniidae housed in the Lepidoptera Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (April 2025).\r \r The Castniidae Collection was digitised to improve access and support research into the family.\r \r Each specimen record has been published with two images capturing a dorsal and ventral view of the specimen and its associated labels, creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) taxon information, country of origin, and type status.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link.\r """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "castniidae", "digital collections", "digital collections programme", "pinned insects" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Muhammad Usman; Juliet Anderson; Mark Carine; Debra Turner; Joanna Wilbraham; Gothamie Weerakoon; FSP Consortium" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-07-03T08:45:03.202285"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-07-04T15:01:02.626255"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "The Fungarium Sequencing Project: Natural History Museum Samples" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "The Fungarium Sequencing Project (FSP) was launched in 2024 to sequence genomes of fungal type specimens across the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (RBG Kew), Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE), and the Natural History Museum London (NHM). At NHM, the focus is on lichenized fungi. The NHM lichen collection contains around 400,000 specimens collected between 1726 and 2025 from all over the world. There are approximately10,000 nomenclatural type specimens. This dataset includes the 1,140 specimens selected for sampling and sequencing by the project from the 6,514 catalogued lichen type specimens at the Natural History Museum (NHM), London. Please note that work to verify and update the type status of specimens in ongoing." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Paul Andrew Brown" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-09-25T08:58:14.691428"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:27:04.492825"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Aleyrodoidea Slide Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Aleyrodoidea slide collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted whitefly material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (November 2018).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "aleyrodoidea", "digital collections programme", "microscope slides", "whitefly" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Ranee Om Prakash; Geoff Dart; Gabriella Gilliat; Kathryn Campion; Ranee Om Prakash" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-08-06T14:37:38.561129"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-03-12T15:54:13.389880"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1800s to current" ; dc1:title "The seed plants fluid collection at the Natural History Museum" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This dataset represents over three thousand seed plants fluid collection at the Natural History Museum that have been recently recurated with 70% IMS (Industrial methylated spirit). The data can also be seen by using the link: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/search/expressly-active-dormouse.\r The collections are arranged as per jar size rather than taxonomically in order to maximise space. \r The collection ranges from early 19th century to the current era and it continues to grow with material incorporated with recent acquisitions. Over 150 families are represented with some important type specimens such as the world's largest flower-Rafflesia arnoldii R.Br collected by Raffles and Arnold. Other notable collections include several types of orchids collected by C.E. Carr from New Guinea during the second world war and John Gossweiler from Angola. The largest collection is from Nancy Garwood (over 700 bottles) which consists of some carpological material collected from Panama as well as seedlings. Several collections have corresponding herbarium sheets in the General Herbarium. By curating these collections, we have now made these collections accessible. We hope that more people interested in these collections will be able to make use of these collections for their research and help us to update the collections by way of adding determinations. The data will be eventually ingested in KE-Emu, the Museum's database in due course. A paper on "Re-curation of the seed plants fluid collection at the Natural History Museum" has been published by Prakash, R.O., Gilliat, G., Dart, G., and Campion, K. in \r Journal of Natural Science Collections, Volume 13, pages 54 - 62. """ ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "carpological material", "fluid material", "global biodiversity", "herbarium sheet", "ims", "spirit material" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Abigail Smith; Helen Jenkins; Paul Taylor; Andrea Waeschenbach" ] ; dc1:issued "2021-07-22T16:42:31.235286"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2026-07-15T10:06:36.457318"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Unexpected high taxonomic diversity in the bryozoan family Horneridae (order Cyclostomatida), with morphomolecular recognition of new species and a new genus in the southern Zealandian region" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "The taxonomically challenging cyclostome bryozoan family Horneridae is abundant and diverse in the waters around Aotearoa New Zealand. Using a combination of molecular and morphological approaches, we developed diagnostic characters for species of hornerids, describing eleven species (seven of which are new) in three genera (one of which is new, and one reinstated) from the seafloor around southern New Zealand between Cook Strait at ~42°S and the subantarctic islands at ~55°S. Gracilohornera n. gen. comprises five small, gracile species: the type species G. currieae, as well as G. granolineata n. sp., G. taitonga n. sp., G. retrosa n. sp. and G. tumida n. sp. The reticulate genus Retihornera is revived and includes R. squamosa and R. foliacea which are compared with the type species R. corbicula. In the genus Hornera, we describe the pinnate and palmate branching species H. girvanae n. sp., H. polaris n. sp. and H. querciformis n. sp., comparing them to Hornera robusta. In contrast to other regions, hornerid cyclostomes in Aotearoa New Zealand have flourished and diversified; indeed, many more hornerid species may await discovery in New Zealand waters." ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "bryozoa", "cyclostomata", "numt", "phylogeny", "taxonomy" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Juliet Brodie; Ben Jennings; Patrick Sullivan; Elizabeth J, Cottier-Cook; Nidhi Nagabhatla; Phaik Eem Lim" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-06-16T16:15:45.843419"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2026-06-17T15:36:10.944298"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "The Seaweed Breakthrough" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Seaweed Breakthrough initiative is a global initiative aimed to protect seaweeds through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 2030 Breakthrough Agenda. The initiative is designed to catalyse urgent action to conserve, restore, and sustainably manage seaweed ecosystems while securing the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide. Seaweeds (red, green, and brown algae) are foundational to marine ecosystems, providing habitat, supporting fisheries, sustaining biodiversity, and underpinning food security and livelihoods for over 6 million people globally. They form one of the largest vegetated marine habitats—potentially rivalling the Amazon rainforest in extent—and play critical roles in nutrient cycling, carbon dynamics, and coastal resilience. Despite their importance, seaweed ecosystems are rapidly declining due to climate change, pollution, overexploitation, and weak policy integration. \r \r The initiative establishes five ambitious, science-based goals with measurable targets: \r \r - Goal 1. Halt loss: Reduce loss of seaweed habitats driven by direct and indirect human actions by 70% from a known baseline by 2030 and to 0% by 2040.\r - Goal 2. Protect and conserve: Increase long-term protection of seaweed habitats by 30% by 2030. Achieve 100% protection by 2040. \r - Goal 3. Restore seaweed ecosystems: Restore seaweed habitats, where possible, to cover areas of loss by 30% by 2030, 50% by 2040 and 100% by 2050. \r - Goal 4. Secure resilient and equitable livelihoods: Secure resilient, equitable and sustainable livelihoods for many millions of seaweed-related farmers and other stakeholders globally by 2030. \r - Goal 5. Secure sustainable financing for seaweed protection and restoration: Secure investments of at least $17.5 billion USD ($4.4 billion USD year-1) by 2030 to conserve, protect and restore seaweed habitats.\r \r """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "30x30", "biodiversity", "conservation", "ecosystem services", "finance", "kunming-montreal global biodiversity framework", "livelihoods", "restoration", "sdgs", "seaweeds" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Helena Bates" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-01-17T09:44:18.727572"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-01-17T11:12:39.463998"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2024" ; dc1:title "Diffuse infrared reflectance of CY carbonaceous chondrites" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Thermal (~5 - 50 µm) infrared diffuse reflectance of the Y-86720, Y-86789 and B-7904 CY carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. " ; dcat:distribution , , ; dcat:keyword "infrared", "meteorites", "spectroscopy" ; dcat:landingPage , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Malcolm G Penn; Krisztina Lohonya" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-10-30T11:17:55.637793"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-22T12:37:42.033168"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1750-2010" ; dc1:title "NHM Botanical Types Georeferenced for China" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "This data contains the georeferenced locations of the Botanical TYPES held at the Natural History Museum that have been collected in China. Each location Lat and Long has been carefully georeferenced, using label information from the specimen, and collector research. All sources of information have been noted in the notes. The data can be downloaded and imported to ArcGIS Pro or Google Earth and shows the spatial location of NHM Botanical TYPES specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "botanical", "georeferenced", "gis", "type" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; James Ayre; Charlotte Barclay; Nigel Wyatt" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-09-30T11:05:33.733997"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:20:52.558542"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "British and Irish Agromyzidae (Diptera) Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The British and Irish Agromyzidae Collection comprises of the records of all pinned agromyzid material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (July 2019). \r \r The aim of this project was to digitise the pinned agromyzid specimens using the ALICE workflow (Angled Label Image Capture and Extraction) to enable the national agromyzid expert to work remotely with this collection to extract data from the specimen labels and verify identifications.\r \r Each specimen record has been published with six standard images capturing the dorsal habitus, lateral habitus and four angled views of the specimen labels. The images created were attached to existing specimen records within the Collection Managment System.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "agromyzidae", "digital collections programme", "diptera", "leaf-miner flies", "pinned insects", "uk" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Peter Wing; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Skye Neal; Glory Turnbull; Louise Allan; Chiho Ikebe; Marla Spencer; Daniel Hall; Benjamin Price" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-10-11T07:42:14.721601"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-10-11T07:44:26.948094"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Chrysopidae Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Chrysopidae collection comprises the records of all the pinned material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (June 2023).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and type status. \r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link, please search for the relevant taxa.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "chrysopidae", "digital collections", "digital collections programme", "lacewings", "neuroptera", "pinned insects" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Jeffrey Streicher; Shea Lambert; Fausto Méndez de la Cruz; Norberto Martínez-Méndez; Uri Omar García-Vázquez; Adrián Nieto Montes de Oca; John Wiens" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-07-24T10:13:30.295969"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-11-04T15:21:46.935630"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "What predicts gene flow during speciation? The relative roles of time, space, morphology, and climate" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "The processes that restrict gene flow between populations are fundamental to speciation. Here, we develop a simple framework for studying whether divergence in morphology, climatic niche, time, and space contribute to reduced gene flow among populations and species. We apply this framework to a model system involving a clade of spiny lizards (_Sceloporus_) occurring mostly in northeastern Mexico, which show striking variation in morphology and habitat among closely related species and populations. We developed a new time-calibrated phylogeny for the group using RADseq data from 152 individuals. This phylogeny identified 12 putative species-level clades including at least two undescribed species. We then estimated levels of gene flow among 21 geographically adjacent pairs of species and populations. We also estimated divergence in morphological and climatic-niche variables among these same pairs, along with divergence times and geographic distances. Using Bayesian generalized linear models, we found that gene flow between pairs of lineages is negatively related to divergence time and morphological divergence among them (which are uncorrelated), and not to geographic distance or climatic divergence. The framework used here can be applied to study speciation in many other organisms having genomic data but lacking direct data on reproductive isolation. We also found several other intriguing patterns in this system, including the parallel evolution of a strikingly similar montane blue-red morph from more dull-colored desert ancestors within two different, non-sister species. " ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "climate", "gene flow", "lizards", "morphology", "phylogeny", "speciation" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator ; dc1:issued "2023-03-16T13:43:28.109085"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:50.487527"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1873-1876" ; dc1:title "CT scans of Challenger Sediments" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "CT scans of HMS Challenger sediments" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "ct", "foraminifera", "hms challenger", "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Hugh F Carter" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-10-02T15:09:20.434821"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-10-02T15:09:54.352209"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Summary Statistics Echinoid Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Summary Statistics derived from a full shelf audit compared to CMS/GBIF data" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Consuelo Sendino" ] ; dc1:issued "2018-04-25T09:52:08.253778"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:32.428881"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1953-1798" ; dc1:title "The Fossil Historical Collections" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "There are three historical collections in the Palaeontology which have great importance for the history of the NHM. These are the Sloane, König and Pennant Collections. Over 100 specimens belong to the Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753) Collection. The collection of Carl Dietrich Eberhard König (1774-1851), first Keeper of the Department of Natural History and Modern Curiosities, numbers about 50 specimens, described in Icones fossilium sectiles (1825). Finally, there is the collection of Thomas Pennant (1726-1798), an 18th century zoologist, antiquarian and correspondent of Gilbert White, which was donated in 1912 by the Earl of Denbigh. This comprises about 1000 specimens, some of which were described in Pennant’s manuscript Reliquiae Diluviannae, or a Catalogue of such bodies as were deposited in the Earth by the Deluge. Specimens in these collections are an invaluable resource for historical research and are the founding core of the British Museum and later The Natural History Museum. They mark the progress of early palaeontological exploration. Each collection contains fossils belonging to various groups, including molluscs, echinoderms, brachiopods, sponges, bryozoans, arthropods, fishes, reptiles, mammals and plants." ; dcat:distribution , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "fossil", "hsds heritage science", "könig", "pennant", "sloane" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator ; dc1:issued "2022-03-29T17:19:40.385253"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-07-14T07:38:38.661848"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2018 - 2024" ; dc1:title "Join the Dots collection-level descriptions" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The records in this dataset provide a high-level summary of the Natural History Museum's collection and encompass the material managed by its Life Sciences, Earth Sciences and Library & Archives departments. The data has been gathered, structured and published with the intention of providing some level of visibility into the scope, nature and composition of the Museum's holdings, the majority of which have yet to be digitised. The 2,800+ records in this dataset represent the majority of the NHM collection, approximately 78 million items, and should be treated as an index or discovery tool: they are an indicative view of the Museum's holdings, a source of high-level figures and a signpost towards the relevant curatorial team to contact for more in-depth information.\r \r ## Descriptive fields\r \r Each record in the **JtD collection-level records** table describes a group of objects, referred to as a 'collection unit'. Collection units can range in size from a handful of objects to several million and are defined by a set of high-level characteristics common to the objects within them (e.g., taxonomy, straitgraphy, item type, preservation method). Controlled vocabularies and external authority lists underpin descriptive fields wherever possible: see **Data dictionary** for field-level definitions and guidance for all fields used in this dataset. \r \r ## Collection metrics\r \r The count fields indicate the scale of each collection unit in terms of the estimated quantity of 'items' (specimen-level or equivalent) and 'curatorial units' (objects physically managed during curation activities, such as jars or boxes) it holds. The 'reporting count' field should be used when aggregating multiple units and is the default collection size metric used by the Museum both internally and externally. \r \r Assessment scores are allocated by curatorial teams and are an attempt to indicate subjective or mutable qualities of each collection unit, such as outreach potential, scope and significance, physical accessibility and level of information available. See **Data dictionary** and **Join the Dots User Manual** for scoring definitions and examples. Scores are updated on an annual basis and are best viewed as a benchmark of the state of a collection unit/group of units: they are intended to allow us to track the impact of collection care, development and management activities over time and are not intended for use as a comparative measure between different areas of the collection. \r \r ## Join the Dots Framework\r \r The criteria underpinning collection units and the methodology by which they are quantified and assessed is defined in the Join the Dots (JtD) cross–disciplinary collection assessment framework, developed and used at the NHM since 2018. For details on the full JtD framework see **Join the Dots User Manual** and the summary paper referenced below. Note that not all fields referenced in the JtD specification are included in this dataset: a subset is presented to avoid compromising the security of the collection and to provide a level of detail relevant to an external audience.\r \r ## Further references \r \r - [NHM main website collection pages](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/collections.html)\r - [Library & Archives Discovery Layer](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/departments-and-staff/library-and-archives.html)\r - [Archives Catalogues](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/CalmView/default.aspx)\r - [Specimen-level collection dataset](https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965)\r - [Join the Dots: assessing a collection of 80 million items at The Natural History Museum, London, 2022](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09647775.2021.2023900) - currently paywalled: contact the dataset curator for a copy""" ; dcat:distribution , , ; dcat:keyword "collection descriptions", "collections assessment", "curation", "natural history collections" ; dcat:landingPage , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Chris Raper; Chris Raper" ] ; dc1:issued "2014-12-18T16:53:39.581311"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-09-01T13:32:34.222504"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2000-2026" ; dc1:title "UK Species Inventory - Simplified Copy" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "An up to date export of the UK Species Inventory database in its simplified form. This dataset contains all names and all taxonomic concepts in 2 tables, which can be used to derive NBN TAXON_VERSION_KEYs (TVKs) for names on observations held in non-NBN compatible systems. " ; dcat:distribution , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "citizen science", "nbn", "taxonomy", "uk species inventory", "uksi" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Citizen Science" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Richard C Sabin; Kaitlyn Burton; Natalie Cooper; Anjali Goswami" ] ; dc1:issued "2018-06-05T09:58:15.445655"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-03-17T10:22:16.068101"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1873 - 2007" ; dc1:title "3D Cetacean Scanning" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """3D scans of ten Cetacean skulls collected between 1873 and 2007.\r \r The dataset contains both baleen and toothed whales including _Physeter macrocephalus_ (a sperm whale) the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator on Earth.\r \r Scanning was done by Kate Burton using a Creaform Go!Scan 50 structured light scanner and the scans were processed using Geomagic Wrap software. Specimen and context data was provided by Richard Sabin.""" ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "3d", "3d scans", "cetaceans", "skull", "whale" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation "Natural History Museum " ; vcard:fn "Michelle Casanova; Joanna Wilbraham" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-10-29T14:53:59.061893"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:55.517311"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1890 - 1920" ; dc1:title "Charophytes of Britain and Ireland" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Charophytes, also known as stoneworts, are a group of large, multicelluar green algae that live in a variety of freshwater and brackish habitats. Charophytes play a significant role in aquatic ecosystems as early colonisers and habitat providers for a variety of organisms. They can be indicators of good water quality and different species have different environmental requirements (e.g. temperature, salinity). The presence of a species can be used to infer ecological characteristics of water bodies and habitats. \r \r The Natural History Museum, London, holds a collection of >20,000 specimens of charophytes, among which there are approximately 5,000 from UK and Ireland. The majority of specimens were collected between c.1890 and c.1920 (during the hey-day of amateur botanical collecting and botanical clubs), although there are significant earlier records and many later specimens of different species. The collection includes herbarium sheet, fluid-preserved, microscope slides and oospore material. It is a comprehensive collection, including all the species and varieties that have been collected in the UK and Ireland. \r \r This dataset provides a complete catalogue of all the British and Irish herbarium sheet material in the Charophyte collection. For each specimen details of the identification, collector, date and mapped locality are provided. Many of these specimens have images associated with them, such as a photograph of the herbarium sheet or Scanning Electron Microscope images of the oospores. """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "british", "charophytes", "hsds heritage science", "ireland", "oospores", "stoneworts", "united kingdom" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Victoria Burton; Alan G. Jones; Lucy Robinson; Paul Eggleton; Andy Purvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-07-24T10:00:38.535445"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-07-24T10:10:43.455827"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2016 - 2018" ; dc1:title "Earthworm Watch Participants" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Anonymised data from participants who registered for the Earthworm Watch citizen science project which ran from April 2016 to August 2018. This data was used for the paper Who watches the worms? Motivation and participation in a contributory citizen science project" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "citizen science", "earthworms", "soil biodiversity" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Citizen Science" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller; Adrian Rundle" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-11-16T13:03:41.018900"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-08-29T15:39:24.795767"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Fossil and recent ostracod collections" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "A collections level dataset of fossil and recent ostracods in the collections at the Natural History Museum." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Chris Raper" ] ; dc1:issued "2014-12-18T17:02:12.431629"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-09-01T13:26:23.822055"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2000-2026" ; dc1:title "UK Species Inventory - Master Copy" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "A full copy of the UK Species Inventory, including all tables. This gives the ultimate in functionality but does require a copy of Microsoft Access (or similar database environment) and skills in joining and querying complex table relationships. Although this dataset includes the source checklists, these are NOT to be reproduced without the permission of their creators. The manual is provided here but please contact me if you think you need access to the data itself." ; dcat:distribution , , , ; dcat:keyword "nbn", "taxonomy", "uk species inventory", "uksi" ; dcat:landingPage , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Citizen Science" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-08-29T15:49:40.642894"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2025-08-29T15:52:50.756623"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1822-2024" ; dc1:title "Micropalaeontology Collection citations and visitor numbers" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "A dataset to support the figures in a publication in Revue de Micropaleontologie on the Natural History Museum Microfossil Collection. Data derived mainly from annotations in museum specimen registers and museum visitor books to the Foraminifera and fossil Ostracoda collections . These have been added to with more recent citations for collections yet to be fully digitised." ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "conodonta", "foraminifera", "ostracoda", "visitor numbers" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller; Monique Jouet-Sarkany" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-09-17T10:03:00.850431"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:55.282099"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1873-1876" ; dc1:title "Listing of HMS Challenger Sediment Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This is a dataset to accompany a paper published in 2025 in the journal Historical Biology: Miller, C. Giles and Jouet-Sarkany, Monique M. H. 2025. Sir John Murray’s H.M.S. Challenger Sedimentary Deposits Collection at the Natural History Museum, London. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2025.2506185. A description of the fields is available via this link and the abstract for the paper copied:\r The Natural History Museum holds 4,713 bottles, tubes, boxes and slides containing sediment and derived preparations from the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (1873-1876). The sediment collections include manganese nodules, pumice, and various marine vertebrates and invertebrates from all the major oceans of the world. A complete online database of the collection is presented to include all of the associated collecting and preparation data from the oceanic dredges, trawls, soundings and anchor mud collections alongside shallower water collections previously undocumented in the Challenger Deep Sea Deposits Report of Murray and Renard (1891). The dataset allows assessment of other Challenger sediment collections in museums and private collections. A historical account of the collection follows; collecting and studying onboard, studying in Edinburgh post cruise, donation by Sir John Murray’s family to the British Museum (Natural History) and accounts of the collection’s historical housing at the museum. The historical context and presented dataset are intended to aid future users of the collection to select suitable materials for study or display. A review of previous scientific and exhibition uses of the collection is followed by suggestions for the future storage and potential for illuminating the debate on anthropologically driven climate, biodiversity and atmospheric changes. """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "deep sea sediment", "foraminifera", "hms challenger", "hsds heritage science", "shark", "whale" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Adriana De Palma; Andrew Hoskins; Ricardo E Gonzalez; Luca Borger; Tim Newbold; Katia Sanchez-Ortiz; Simon Ferrier; Andy Purvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2021-07-20T15:20:26.338365"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-15T14:04:03.236541"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2001-2012" ; dc1:title "Annual country-level summaries of BII and land use (2001-2012) for tropical and subtropical forests" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Here we provide machine-readable (csv files) and human readable (pdf files) tables of country, subregion and region averages for the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) and land use (primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, cropland, pasture and urban) for countries that include tropical or subtropical forest biomes, for each year from 2001-2012.\r \r These data are taken from De Palma et al (2021) Annual changes in the Biodiversity Intactness Index in tropical and subtropical forest biomes, 2001-2012, _Scientific Reports_.""" ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "biodiversity", "land use" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Stephen Stukins" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-07-17T15:09:04.209115"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2025-08-28T21:37:00.276768"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1963 - 2017" ; dc1:title "The John Murray Foraminifera Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Data pertaining to the collection of John W. Murray's now housed at the NHM. This includes specimens, samples, residues, theses and published/unpublished data" ; dcat:distribution , , , ; dcat:keyword "foraminifera", "micropalaeontology" ; dcat:landingPage , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Charles Jarvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-09-21T14:43:45.302806"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "CC-BY-SA-4.0" ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:40:56.154910"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Clayton Herbarium" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """John Clayton (1694-1773) was a notable early collector of plant specimens in North America. From 1720 until his death, he was Clerk to the Court of Gloucester County in Virginia, where he collected extensively.\r \r Although Clayton published almost nothing himself, his specimens reached Europe in the 1730s and became the basis for descriptions of new species published by the Dutch botanist Johan Gronovius (1690-1762). In addition, Clayton’s specimens were studied by the Swedish systematist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) and they therefore have considerable importance in fixing the application of early scientific (binomial) names of North American plant species. \r \r Further information on Clayton and his herbarium can be found here: https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/collections/botany-collections/historical-botanical-collections/john-clayton-herbarium.html""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Charles Jarvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-11-14T15:49:32.409092"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:40:51.032374"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Hermann Herbarium" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The collection of dried plants and drawings made in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) for Paul Hermann in the 1670s possesses a special importance in being one of the first major collections of the botany of the East Indies.\r \r Although largely restricted to plants from the area around Colombo (including a number of foreign introductions in gardens), the collection is nevertheless of great scientific importance. Unfortunately, Hermann's premature death, in 1695, delayed its becoming available to the scientific world of his time.""" ; dcat:distribution , , , ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Ranee Om Prakash" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-11-10T14:43:39.663401"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:44.550556"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1697" ; dc1:title "Plants from Fort St. George India collected by Samuel Browne in 1697" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Samuel Browne (d. 1698) was a surgeon employed by the English East India Company (EIC) at Fort St. George, Madras (now Chennai) in India. In 1697, Browne sent a herbarium of 316 specimens collected in and around Chennai to the EIC. Many of those specimens were accompanied with vernacular names, descriptions and notes on their properties and uses. Browne’s specimens were studied by James Petiver who published descriptions with Browne as co-author. Those descriptions made reference to polynomial names in many other published works. This dataset comprises the specimens included in the Browne herbarium with identifications for all specimens.\r \r A paper describing this dataset by Prakash, R. O. et al (2024) can be found here: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/CZGKSJUBDFA687KPPI9H/full?target=10.1080/23818107.2023.2296095. Further to Prakash et al. (2024), the determinations have been further revised and are reflected in the portal.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "17th century", "east india company", "ethnobotany", "herbaria", "hsds heritage science", "india", "medicinal plants", "plant uses", "vernacular names" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:contributor """Elliott J. R. Capp (University of Sheffield)\r Emma C. Hughes (University of Sheffield)\r Chris J. A. Moody (University of Sheffield)\r Lara O. Nouri (University of Sheffield)\r Zoë K. Varley (University of Sheffield)""" ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation "University of Sheffield" ; vcard:fn "Gavin H Thomas; Jen A Bright; Chris R Cooney" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-12-05T18:45:08.667241"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "CC-BY-4.0" ; dc1:modified "2026-07-20T11:45:55.803177"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1842 - Present" ; dc1:title "Mark My Bird" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Mark My Bird dataset comprises 3D scans of bird bills from the ornithology collection of the Natural History Museum, London. Mark My Bird is part of a European Research Council (ERC) funded project based at the University of Sheffield. The project aims to contribute to our understanding of how and why bird species form and diversify. 3D scans of bills were taken primarily from the ornithological skins collections. The scans were uploaded to the markmybird.org citizen science website where they were analysed by both researchers from the University of Sheffield and volunteer citizen scientists. Analysis involved landmarking pre-defined features of the bill on computer visualisations of the scans.\r \r The dataset comprises records of 2028 specimens. Each specimen represents a different birds species and is typically a male. The dataset includes raw scan data in obj format, landmarks from 3-4 volunteers (and the average of those landmarks) for each specimen stored as txt files with three columns of XYZ coordinates. Mark My Bird usernames, documenting the contributing volunteer, are assigned to each landmark file. The dataset also includes a csv format file (MarkMyBird_manifest.csv) detaling taxonomy, museum accession number, and sex for each species.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "3d scans", "aves", "beaks", "bills", "birds", "global" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Jovita C. Yesilyurt; Christina Welch" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-03-29T20:45:59.930896"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:17.244289"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1785-1811" ; dc1:title "The herbarium specimens collected by Alexander Anderson (1748 – 1811)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Alexander Anderson, a Scottish surgeonand botanist, served as superintendent at the St. Vincent Botanical Garden, which was established in 1765 and was the first Botanical Garden in the Caribbean and probably the first in the Americas. The garden flourished under Anderson’s direction (from 1785) until shortly before his death in 1811. Prior to his move to the Americas, Anderson worked briefly at the Chelsea Physic Garden, under William Forsyth’ guidance, where most probably he has built up his gardening and horticulture knowledge.\r \r When Anderson arrived at the St. Vincent Botanical Garden, there were ca. 60 plant species growing and by his death, it was over 1,300. This reflects Anderson’s activities with exploration, plant introduction, propagation and consequently, distribution of the plant species. Anderson travelled around the West Indies region, including the north South America and while collecting the plant specimens, Anderson also gathered information, particularly on traditional knowledge about the plant specimens, mostly by asking (and probably also by observing) the indigenous and enslaved people and recorded the traditional uses. He catalogued the plants into broad categories of use (e.g. economic, medicinal, exotics and ornamentals, valuable woods) and also listed fruits. This information certainly contributed towards the development of colonial botanical science and to medical knowledge. \r \r This dataset was assembled as part of the project entitled: “Unearthing the contribution of indigenous and enslaved African knowledge systems to the Saint Vincent Botanical Garden under Dr Anderson [1785-1811])”. This project was funded by the ‘Hidden histories of environmental science’ programme, a cross-council collaboration between the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) to understand how the future of modern environmental science can be informed by the past. The project was a collaboration involving Winchester University, Natural History Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Linnean Society, Antonio Carluccio Foundation and The Museum Detox Interpretation Team.\r \r There is no list of the dried plant specimens that Anderson sent to Joseph Banks and that are now at the NHM. As a result, the search and cataloguing of Anderson’s dried specimens housed at the Natural History Museum (BM) is an on-going task. The data set currently comprises ca.190 specimens collected by Anderson in the Caribbean and Guiana, of which 25 are type specimens. """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "botanic garden", "caribbean", "herbarium specimens", "history of botany", "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "George William Harrison; Teigan Georgia Collins; Nadiezhda Santodomingo; Kenneth Johnson; Willem Renema" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-09-15T10:31:32.397869"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-09-16T09:30:39.101421"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Coral Reef Sand Data for Training SandE" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This repository contains all the training data used to train the Sediment Analysis Neural-network Data-engine (SAND-e). SAND-e was created as part of the PhD thesis of G. William M. Harrison under the supervision of Ken Johnson and Willem Renema and the master’s thesis of Teigan Collins under the supervision of Ken Johnson and Nadia Santodomingo with major contributions made by Allia Rosedy. This study is part of the Reef Refugia project (NE/R011044/1) funded by NERC. William Harrison’s PhD is being conducted with 4D-REEF project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813360. \r The images and .json files corresponding to the relevant masks for each image used to train the segmenter can be found in the “segmenter_training_data.zip". The classifier was trained with the images in the “classifier_training_data.zip” images for classifier training are sorted into separate folders by type. The "AI vs Human testing.zip” file contains the raw images input into SAND-e (“raw images”) and the labelled version of those images given to human testers (“labelled images”), the outputs produced by SAND-e (“Segmenter_Classifier_Outputs.csv”), the answers given by the humans (“Human_annotations_anonymized.csv”), and a form of them in which SAND-e’s outputs have been aligned grain-to-grain with the human answers (“Human_AI_Grain_IDS.csv”). Finally, the “Deployment” folder contains the raw images fed into SAND-e for the analysis part of this study in the “raw images” folder and SAND-e’s outputs in the “AI_ouputs.zip” file.\r """ ; dcat:distribution , , , ; dcat:keyword "coral reefs", "machine learning", "sand-e", "sediment" ; dcat:landingPage , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "John Whittaker; Giles Miller" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-04-22T21:58:37.696675"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-07-28T22:17:16.265046"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1971-2024" ; dc1:title "A list of publications by Dr John E. Whittaker" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "This list is based mainly on data provided by the late Dr John E. Whittaker from his CV when he kept it up to date during his career at the British Museum (Natural History)/Natural History Museum. Publications post retirement and also since his death have been added to this list and serve to enhance the published and unpublished research collections that he made that are deposited at the Natural History Museum. An almost complete set of these publications is deposited in the Micropalaeontology Library at the Natural History Museum. This list was compiled for a presentation by Giles Miller at a meeting on 22nd April 2025 to celebrate the life and works of Dr John E. Whittaker." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "archaeology", "ecuador", "fleet", "foraminifera", "micropalaeontology", "ostracoda", "whittaker" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Hanouf Al-Alawi; John Hunnex" ] ; dc1:issued "2022-03-30T08:39:17.191700"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:00.808207"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Arabic and Persian plant names in the Codex Vindobonensis" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Codex Vindobonensis Med. GR. 1 Der Osterreichischen Nationalbibliothek (sometimes referred to as the Juliana Anicia codex and hereafter referred to as ‘The Codex’) is a collection of five texts connected with natural history produced in the city now known as Istanbul, then Constantinople, in 512CE. As its official title suggests the codex now held in the National Library of Austria. Photographic facsimiles were issued in 1906 and again in 1970. Copies of both facsimiles are held by the Museum’s library. \r \r The Codex includes an illustrated text consisting of 387 folios concerning of herbaceous plants used for medicinal purposes. Three hundred and eighty-three plants are depicted accompanied by text from Pandanios Dioscorides’ Materia Medica (c.70 C.E.). Quotes from Krateuas’ Herbal (2nd or 1st century B.C,E.- the full herbal does not survive) and Galen of Pergamon’s De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus (c.150 C.E.) also appear on folios up to 94v. Annotations in Arabic and Persian were added at some point. Two analyses of the illustrations in relation to modern plant names have been attempted in the past 110 years. E. Emmanuel (1912) compared the images with specimens in the Boisser Herbarium in Geneva in conjunction with the Hanbuch der Pharmakognosie von A Tschirchto make identifications of the plants depicted. Subsequently, commenting on the 1970 facsimile Hans Gerstinger made use of the Greek names to provide determinations. Attention to the Arabic and Persian annotations has been limited since the arrival of The Codex in Austria in the mid-16th century. This dataset provides an analysis of those additions. The earlier identifications of Emmanuel and Gerstinger are also included to allow comparisons with Arabic and Persian names. The meanings and origins of the Greek names are also compared with the Arabic and Persian additions and this has proved particularly useful in identifying new information added to codex by scholars from the Muslim world. It is hoped that the dataset provided here may shed some light on plant knowledge in the Islamic world of the Medieval and Early Renaissance periods. \r \r __References:__\r \r * Dioscorides’ (c. 70 CE) Materia Medica (c.70 C.E.). 2000 English translation by T.A. Osbaldeston and R.P.A.Wood ISBN : 062023435\r Galen of Pergamon (c.150 C.E.) De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis et facultatibus https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511895197.004\r * Hanbuch der Pharmakognosie von A Tschirch Leipzig 1909.\r * E. Emanuel "Etude comparative sur les plantes dessinées dans le Codex Constantinopolitanus de Dioscoride". Schweizerische Wochenshrift für Chemie u. Pharmazie , 61. 1912.\r * "Dioskurides: codex Vindobonesis med. Gr 1 der Osterreichishen Nationalbibliothek, commentary to the facsimile by H. Gerstinger" Gratz 1970.\r """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "byzantine-islamic interactions", "ethnobany", "history of botany", "history of science", "hsds heritage science", "islamic botany" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller" ] ; dc1:issued "2020-01-06T13:16:14.004502"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-18T10:20:01.817960"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2018" ; dc1:title "\"Join the dots\" collections assessment exercise" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "The files submitted here form the backbone to a 2018 collections assessment exercise at the Natural History Museum and support a methodology paper submitted to Museum Management and Curatorship. They include: a document to help define collections units, an Excel spread sheet for gathering data about each unit, a Manual for scorers, a document listing and illustrating cabinet types with their suggested scores to aid consistent scoring, some screen shots of the internally available Power BI dashboard, item type and preservation look-ups and a list of numbers of specimens in the museum broken down to sectional level." ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "collections assessment", "condition", "importance and significance", "information", "outreach" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Ana Claudia Araujo; Ben Hartley; Neil Brummit" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-02-13T12:30:51.386183"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-06-19T13:20:19.956600"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Angiosperm functional traits extracted from botanical descriptions" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This dataset provides a large-scale compilation of plant functional traits automatically extracted from published taxonomic descriptions of flowering plants. The taxonomic backbone comprises all accepted angiosperm species names sourced from World Flora Online (WFO). Each accepted species was systematically searched across multiple textual sources, including the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL; OCR-derived biodiversity literature), eFloras (including Flora of North America, Flora of China, and related online floras), and the Ecological Flora Database (Ecoflora). Where botanical descriptions were identified, natural language processing methods were used to extract structured trait information.\r \r Trait extraction was implemented using the [ADEPT](https://github.com/NaturalHistoryMuseum/ADEPT) pipeline, which combines machine-learning classification of botanical descriptions, ontology-driven terminology matching, named-entity recognition for numeric traits, syntactic parsing, and rule-based semantic interpretation to associate traits with plant structures and standardise measurements.\r \r The dataset includes trait information for 59,369 angiosperm species, comprising 888,328 extracted trait values spanning vegetative, reproductive, and ecological characteristics such as growth form, plant height, leaf morphology, floral traits, fruit and seed traits, dispersal attributes, and cytological information where available. Trait coverage varies among taxa and trait types, reflecting differences in descriptive detail, taxonomic practice, and source availability.\r \r Separate files are provided for each source dataset alongside a combined dataset, enabling users to assess provenance and tailor analyses. This resource supports large-scale studies of plant functional diversity, ecological strategy, conservation risk, and biodiversity modelling by mobilising trait information historically embedded in taxonomic literature.""" ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; James Ayre; Charlotte Barclay; Geoff Martin" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-10-02T13:30:05.176007"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:22:22.734601"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1819 to present day" ; dc1:title "iCollections: British and Irish Pyraloidea (Moths) Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Pyraloidea collection comprises the records of all British and Irish material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (August 2019). It includes the main collection and recently acquired (2019) material from the J.M. Jaques collection.\r \r The Pyraloidea collection was digitised to complete the iCollections dataset (British and Irish Lepidoptera) and to create specimen records and capture specimen metadata. \r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen (dorsal habitus) and its associated labels, and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and locality within the collection. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "british", "crambidae", "digital collections programme", "icollections", "j.m. jaques collection", "lepidoptera", "moths", "pinned insects", "pyralidae", "pyraloidea", "uk" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:contributor "MR is funded by the Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre Southampton and DAAD Research Grants for Doctoral Candidates 2016/17 (no. 57210260). TE is funded by NERC Advanced Research Fellowship NE/J018163/1." ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation "Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton; Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London; MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen" ; vcard:fn "Marina Costa Rillo; Michal Kucera; Thomas Ezard; Giles Miller" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-01-02T15:45:03.120721"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:43:00.841731"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "21,000 years to present" ; dc1:title "Supplementary Material: Surface Sediment Samples From Early Age of Seafloor Exploration Can Provide a Late 19th Century Baseline of the Marine Environment" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Ocean-floor sediment samples collected up to 150 years ago represent an important historical archive to benchmark global changes in the seafloor environment, such as species' range shifts and pollution trends. Such benchmarking requires that the historical sediment samples represent the state of the environment at-or shortly before the time of collection. However, early oceanographic expeditions sampled the ocean floor using devices like the sounding tube or a dredge, which potentially disturb the sediment surface and recover a mix of Holocene (surface) and deeper, Pleistocene sediments. Here we use climate-sensitive microfossils as a fast biometric method to assess if historical seafloor samples contain a mixture of modern and glacial sediments. Our assessment is based on comparing the composition of planktonic foraminifera (PF) assemblages in historical samples with Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) global reference datasets. We show that eight out of the nine historical samples contain PF assemblages more similar to the Holocene than to the LGM PF assemblages, but the comparisons are only significant when there is a high local species' temporal turnover (from the LGM to the Holocene). When analysing temporal turnover globally, we show that upwelling and temperate regions had greatest species turnover, which are areas where our methodology would be most diagnostic. Our results suggest that sediment samples from historical collections can provide a baseline of the state of marine ecosystems in the late nineteenth century, and thus be used to assess ocean global change trends.\r \r ## Related materials:\r Rillo MC, Kucera M, Ezard THG and Miller CG (2019) Surface Sediment Samples From Early Age of Seafloor Exploration Can Provide a Late 19th Century Baseline of the Marine Environment. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:517. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00517\r \r Marina Costa Rillo (2016). Dataset: Henry Buckley Collection of Planktonic Foraminifera. Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk). https://doi.org/10.5519/0035055""" ; dcat:distribution , , ; dcat:keyword "beta-diversity", "global change", "historical collections", "hsds heritage science", "natural history collections", "nhc", "pre-anthropogenic", "pre-industrial", "species turnover" ; dcat:landingPage , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Chloe Victoria Griffiths; James Witts; Emma Bernard; Julie C.S. Brown; Richard John Twitchett" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-08-21T16:19:43.421226"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-09-25T10:17:35.735854"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Slimehead size through time: testing the temperature-size relationship in Late Cretaceous Trachichthyidae" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "As global temperatures rise, fish are predicted to become smaller. Body size is a fundamental trait that impacts many aspects of an animal's life history and ecology, and understanding how it may respond to climate change in particular fish groups, especially commercial or keystone species, is critical. The slimeheads (Family Trachichthyidae) include several commercially important species, but because they are deep‐dwelling, long‐lived fish that reproduce slowly, directly testing the temperature–size relationship in this family is challenging. Fortunately, Trachichthyidae have a long evolutionary history beginning in the Cretaceous, and their fossil record provides empirical data on the response of this family to past climate change events. In this study, we leveraged the extensive fossil record of the Late Cretaceous trachichthyid genus Hoplopteryx from the British Chalk Group of southern England, United Kingdom, to test whether its size declined at higher temperatures. Standard Lengths were measured from complete individuals and estimated from partial remains. Seawater palaeotemperature estimates were derived from oxygen stable isotope values (𝛿18O) of the bulk chalk rock surrounding the fossils using standard techniques and assumptions. Individual fish ranged from 56.3 to 262.6 mm in length, and measured seawater temperature estimates ranged from 19.5°C to 27.1°C. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the estimated seawater temperature was a significant negative predictor of Standard Length in the most common species, Hoplopteryx lewesiensis, supporting the prediction that higher temperatures led to smaller body size in fish. In addition, carbon stable isotope values (𝛿13C) also significantly negatively predicted the Standard Lengths of Hoplopteryx spp., suggesting that other environmental factors, such as primary productivity and/or the burial of organic matter, may also have affected body size." ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "body size", "chalk", "climate change", "fish", "fossil", "temperature" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Peter Wing; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Nicola Lowndes; Skye Neal; Kathryn Royce Schronk; Glory Turnbull; Hanyu Ye; Xindi Zhao; Krisztina Lohonya; Larissa Welton; Chiho Ikebe; Hillery Warner; Robyn Crowther" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-04-02T13:52:36.186952"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-04-02T13:53:52.921738"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 - present" ; dc1:title "Drepanidae Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Drepanidae Collection comprises the records of all the pinned material of Drepanidae housed in the Lepidoptera Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (December 2025).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) and taxon information.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset is part of a project covering a range of orders.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "digital collections", "digitisation", "drepanidae", "hook tip moths", "lepidoptera", "mass-digitisation", "pinned insects" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Peter Wing; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Joseph Deane; Noelia Gahan; Daniel Hall; Krisztina Lohonya; Nicola Lowndes; Ying Luo; Skye Neal; Olga Sivell; Megan Squire; Glory Turnbull; Larissa Welton; Chrissy Williams; Janice Wu; Chiho Ikebe; Marla Spencer; Hillery Warner; Geoff Martin" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-10-11T08:10:21.957194"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-10-11T08:18:06.263805"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "British and Irish 'Larger' Micro Moths Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The British and Irish 'Larger' Micro Moths Collection comprises the records of all the pinned material of Alucitidae, Cossidae, Limacodidae, Sesiidae and Zygaenidae housed in the British and Irish Lepidoptera Collection at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (January 2024). \r \r The British and Irish 'Larger' Micro Moths Collection was digitised to further complete work started during the iCollections project to digitise all British and Irish Lepidoptera material held at the Natural History Museum, London.\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode) and taxon information.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the Data and Resources link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset is part of a project covering a range of families.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "alucitidae", "cossidae", "digital collections", "digital collections programme", "digitisation", "lepidoptera", "limacodidae", "pinned insects", "sesiidae", "zygaenidae" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Sandra Knapp" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-05-01T17:45:17.369477"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-31T10:49:35.150401"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in Asia (excluding New Guinea)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Collection event and specimen datasets used for the publication: Knapp S (2024) A revision of _Lycianthes_ (Solanaceae) in tropical Asia. PhytoKeys 245:1-1-6, https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.245.121988 .\r \r Abstract. The genus _Lycianthes_ (Dunal) Hassl. (Solanaceae) has in the past been treated as a section of the large genus _Solanum_ L. but is more closely related to _Capsicum_ L. Outside of the Americas, where the highest species diversity occurs, the genus is found in tropical and subtropical habitats from India to Japan and the Philippines, including the islands of Indonesia, New Guinea and the Solomons. The 19 species from Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific were treated in ‘PhytoKeys 209’. Here I treat the remaining 10 species occurring across Asia; including two native species, _L. biflora_ (Lour.) Bitter and _L. oliveriana_ (Lauterb. & K.Schum) Bitter, and one cultivated species, _L. rantonnetii_ (Carrière) Bitter that were also included in the earlier work. The Asian species treated here occupy a wide range of forested and disturbed habitats and are diverse in habit, ranging from epiphytic vines to small or medium sized trees, shrubs or creeping herbs. Many of the species are weedy plants of highly disturbed habitats and are best characterised as “ochlospecies”, with complex polymorphic variation. _Lycianthes rantonnetii_, a species native to southern South America, is recorded as cultivated in India and Pakistan, but may be more widespread than collections indicate. The history of taxonomic treatments of _Lycianthes_ in Asia is discussed, along with details of morphology found in all species. All species are treated in full, with complete morphological descriptions, including synonymy, lecto- or neotypifications, discussions of ecology and vernacular names, distribution maps and preliminary conservation assessments (for all except the cultivated _L. rantonnetii_). Searchable lists of all specimens examined are presented as Supplementary Material. \r """ ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "asia", "lycianthes", "monograph", "solanaceae", "taxonomy", "typification" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Katharine Holub-Swindell; Katharine Holub-Swindell; Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Daniel Hall; Abbie Herdman; Phaedra Kokkini; Nicola Lowndes; Krisztina Lohonya; Larissa Welton; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Marla Spencer; Benjamin Price" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-06-07T08:47:18.757584"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-30T11:23:33.412543"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The project "Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators" involved the rehousing, imaging and label data transcription of all the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera specimens belonging at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (March 2022). In addition, it included the label data transcription of the slide mounted and wet material of specimens of the families mentioned above, creating a valuable resource for bioindication and conservation assessments. The output of this project is part of a much larger dataset with the same name, to which two other European institutions also contribute.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and was funded by Synthesys+ Virtual Access.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "caddisflies", "digital collections programme", "ephemeroptera", "mayflies", "microscope slides", "pinned insects", "plecoptera", "riverflies", "spirit material", "stoneflies", "synthesys virtual access", "trichoptera" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Consuelo Sendino" ] ; dc1:issued "2017-06-22T17:42:13.478699"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:26.685931"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "The Charles Lyell fossil collection at the Natural History Museum" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875) is one of the most important geologists of all time and was the pioneer of the principle of uniformitarianism. He was able to see that the present is the key to the past and that the geological processes that have shaped the Earth are not the consequence of catastrophes but routine processes we can observe today.\r \r The Lyell Collection contains 1,735 specimens including fossils of reptiles, mammals, fishes, plants, bryozoans, brachiopods, trilobites, echinoderms, worms and molluscs, being the last ones the biggest part of the collection. Other specimens that are in these collections are the recent brachiopods that Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) collected from Tierra del Fuego or Galapagos during his trip on board of the Beagle and later gave to Charles Lyell. There are also 13 specimens more that were probably collected by Lyell. Although these ones do not have any label with them, some have numbers glued with similar handwriting to that of Charles Lyell.\r \r Lyell Collection was constantly increasing by collection, purchase, exchange and gift. \r \r Charles Lyell’s specimens came to the NHM (Natural History Museum) through different sources. Most of them were donated by Charles Lyell during his life in different dates, but others were given to the Geological Society and posteriorly this transferred them to the NHM in 1911. Also Leonard Lyell (1850 – 1926), Charles Lyell’s nephew, and other heirs, such as Sophie Mary Lyell (born Trafford) (1916-2012), 2nd Baron Lyell’s wife, donated more specimens after Charles Lyell’s death, in 1913 and 1980.\r \r The last acquisition of Lyell’s specimens came in 1980 donated by Lady Lyell, Sophie Mary Lyell, who gave a shark tooth, Carcharodon angustidens, Agassiz, 1843 (specimen with the registration number NHMUK PV P 60903). \r This collection keeps very interesting specimens, not only from the scientific and taxonomic nature of the item, but also striking samples. Charles Lyell was interested in collecting specimens for scientific reasons such as volcano formation. Most of this collection was made due to his curiosity on volcanic deposits. \r \r Lyell was studying the fossils that was receiving from Maffiotte during some years later, exchanging letters with other researchers as Leonard Horner (1785 – 1864), Charles Bunbury (1809 – 1886), George Hartung (1821-1891), William Lonsdale (1794-1871) and George Busk (1807-1886) in order to determinate the sample. Maffiotte was disappointed that Lyell did not publish on these fossils, with the exception of some comments in the 6th edition of Elements of Geology (1865). He was more interested in the volcanic deposits of these islands. Due to success of this work, he increased his research in it and he didn’t have enough time to study the fossils picked up in the Gran Canaria and publish the promised book on Canaries Islands. So, in 1866 the correspondence ended between Maffiotte and Lyell.\r \r After visiting these volcanic islands Lyell concluded that Madeira and Canaries have been built up gradually by volcanic action. \r \r Lyell was also interested in dividing up his Tertiary classification into systems and for this he collected numerous Tertiary molluscs from Sicily and many other localities of Denmark, Sweden and Norway and the Red Crag of Suffolk and Norfolk, completing this Tertiary collection with specimens bought from Gérard Paul Deshayes (1795 -1875) which he later gave to Gideon Algernon Mantell (1790-1852) in 1829. Most of the Scandinavian specimens finished up in the OUNHM presented by Lyell’s newphew, Leonard Lyell, and the English ones at the NHM through Charles Sowerby. This one figured many of the Lyell specimens in his Mineral Conchology and came to the NHM after Sowerby’s death (probably James de Carle Sowerby [1787-1871]).\r """ ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "fossil", "hsds heritage science", "lyell collection", "type", "world" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro; Zoe J. O. Adams" ] ; dc1:issued "2017-06-30T07:06:24.432409"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2025-06-17T08:06:21.075110"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1920-2017" ; dc1:title "American Phlebotominae types at the NHM" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Details for the collection of American type specimens (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) held at The Natural History Museum, London." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "neararctic", "neotropics", "phlebotominae", "psychodidae", "type" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator ; dc1:issued "2021-11-22T13:37:32.085758"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-29T07:36:55.274391"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Bee Land-use Change Project" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Bee Land-use Change Project dataset comprises the records of all pinned Bombus hortorum, B.hypnorum, B.lapidarius, B.muscorum, B.pascuorum, B.ruderatus and B.sylvarum material collected in the UK and housed at the Natural History Museum, London. The dataset comprises 6753 specimens.\r \r Specimen labels were removed from each specimen and imaged alongside the specimen. Dorsal images were taken of each specimen. Each specimen record has been published with a unique identifier (barcode), taxon information, label metadata transcription, locality georeferencing and an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and funded by NERC award NE/P012914/1 "Bee sensitivity to a century of agricultural land-use change".""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "bees", "bombus", "bumblebees", "digital collections programme", "hymenoptera", "nerc", "pinned insects", "uk" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Adriana De Palma; Sara Contu; Gareth E Thomas; Connor Duffin; Sabine Nix; Andy Purvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-10-09T09:11:41.156578"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "Other (Non-Commercial)" ; dc1:modified "2025-08-05T15:37:28.720713"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) developed by the Natural History Museum: Methodology, v2.1.1" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This document outlines the data and processes used for The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by the Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1. This document is available for non-commercial uses under a CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this document, you agree to be bound by these terms.\r \r © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Daniel Hall; Louise Berridge; Joseph Deane; Phaedra Kokkini; Leo Le Good; Krisztina Lohonya; Zoe J. O. Adams; Duncan Sivell; Peter Wing; Marla Spencer" ] ; dc1:issued "2022-10-13T14:31:28.383065"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-30T11:24:02.631488"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 - present day" ; dc1:title "Ceratopogonidae Slide Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Ceratopogonidae Slide Collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (August 2022). This collection comprises substantial amounts of material from John Boorman.\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status, country level collection locality. Additional images were taken to capture any information on the reverse of the slides and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "biting midges", "boorman", "ceratopogonidae", "digital collections programme", "diptera", "entomology", "microscope slides" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Esther Manzanares Ubeda; Zerina Johanson; Jens Najorka; Joseph Razzell Hollis; Charlie Underwood; Richard John Twitchett" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-12-01T15:25:43.076304"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:modified "2026-03-02T09:39:20.846874"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "First report of the biomineral whitlockite from the fossil record of holocephalans" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Data from paper: First report of the biomineral whitlockite from the fosssil record of holocpehalans submitted to Royal Society Open Science\r \r All the images featured in the mentioned work are inside the folder “Images”. All the images display the name of the species and the museum number. Images are recorded in lossless TIFF format and include a 10 mm scale bar for the whole specimens and a 5 cm scale bar for the polished blocks.\r \r Folder “XRD files” contains individual folders for each specimen studied with the raw X-ray diffractograms, recorded in ASCII format using the Highscore program (Malvern Panalytical). The PDF generated with the spectra, the peak list and the reference material for each specimen is included in each folder.\r \r Folder ‘Raman files’ contains individual folders for raw and processed Raman spectra for specimen Harriota raleighana. Raw data is recorded in TXT format, processed data in CSV format. Processed data was treated by the following: 1) cosmic ray removal, 2) background subtraction, 3) normalisation, 4) automatic peak detection. For maps & line scans that consist of more than 1 measurement, positional (x,y) data is recorded in raw data files.\r """ ; dcat:distribution , , , , ; dcat:keyword "chondrichtyan", "dental plate", "edaphodon", "eocene", "holocephalan", "ischyodus", "whitlockite" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Wren Montgomery; Fabiana Portoni" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-09-17T11:26:47.201440"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-09-17T11:33:40.825042"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2025" ; dc1:title "SPME GCMS data for bespoke conservation box" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Solid phase microextraction (SPME) GCMS volatile compound data collected from a bespoke enclosure constructed from foamboard, acid-free card, plastazote foam, Tyvek and a final layer of bondina using a 85-μm CAR/PDMS SPME fiber. Five hours exposure time, desorbed for 10 minutes at 270 C on a DB-5 column.\r """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "baseline", "conservation", "gcms", "volatile" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Kath Castillo; Fred Rumsey; Debra Turner" ] ; dc1:issued "2018-10-31T14:52:49.106785"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:01.401709"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1800 - present" ; dc1:title "Lincolnshire Plants: Past and Future" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Lincolnshire Plants: Past and Future (popularly known as ‘LoveLincsPlants’) is a National Lottery Heritage Fund (NLHF) supported project in collaboration with the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust (LWT), Sir Joseph Banks Society (SJBS), the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union (LNU) and the University of Lincoln. \r \r The main delivery phase ran from 2017-2021 and the five-year legacy phase of the project runs from 2022-2026. Born initially from the desire to secure the future of the LNU’s historical herbarium of c. 12,000 specimens, but with the aspiration to make a contemporary collection and in so doing training the botanists of the future. The historical herbarium, primarily the collections of the Rev. E.A. Woodruffe-Peacock (1858-1922) and those of the author of the first county flora, E. Joan Gibbons (1902-1988), but with some significant earlier collections dating back to the 1800s, is the largest repository of material from what is, in national collections, an under-represented county. These items have been re-curated, digitised and incorporated into the British & Irish herbarium at the NHM, the specimen data and images made publicly accessible. \r \r Since 2017, NHM project staff have delivered training to local volunteers in plant identification, specimen preparation and collections care to enable the creation of a new herbarium for Lincolnshire. Through these activities we have promoted an understanding of the value of collections and their uses. The project has engaged with over 27,000 people, re-connecting people with plants, enabling people to rediscover their local natural heritage and be better informed about biodiversity and the environment. Knowledge of plant science is declining in the wider community and Lincolnshire is acutely short of younger skilled botanists, at a time when environmental concerns and awareness of the value of the natural environment and its appreciation is growing. To address this need, project partners have worked with the University of Lincoln on the development and delivery of their BSc Ecology and Conservation degree course while developing a core group of 18-35 year-old botanists in Lincolnshire. By making a contemporary herbarium collection, part of which is curated at the Sir Joseph Banks Centre in Horncastle, we hope to build capacity within the botanical sector and raise awareness more generally. \r \r During the legacy phase, we will continue to develop a contemporary herbarium with Lincolnshire volunteers and our partners. The dataset includes both specimens from the LNU’s historical herbarium together with specimens housed at the NHM acquired as part of the project. \r \r A guide to searching the dataset can be found [here.](https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/lincs-plants/resource/c39f77ec-3583-4648-b810-0a6872e2832a)""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "botanical collections", "herbarium", "hsds heritage science", "joan gibbons", "lincolnshire", "specimens", "woodruffe-peacock" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther; Elizabeth Devenish; Phaedra Kokkini; Krisztina Lohonya; Nicola Lowndes; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Paul Andrew Brown" ] ; dc1:issued "2021-11-22T14:12:45.911606"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-29T07:38:40.845863"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Coccoidea Slide Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Coccoidea slide collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted scale insect material housed at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (August 2020).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "coccidae", "coccoidea", "digital collections programme", "hemiptera", "microscope slides", "scale insects" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Norbert Holstein; Mark Carine; Edgley Cesar; Len Ellis; John Hunnex; Alison Paul; Ranee Om Prakash; Fred Rumsey; Jacek Wajer; Gothamie Weerakoon; Joanna Wilbraham; Jovita C. Yesilyurt" ] ; dc1:issued "2022-08-24T16:28:54.061507"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:33.851425"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Bound Volumes and Exsiccatae in the Botanical Collections at the Natural History Museum, London" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This dataset provides an overview of the bound volumes and exsiccatae preserved in the botanical collections of the Natural History Museum. For each of the 1320 items accounted for, the title and compiler of the item are provided, together with their Natural History Museum registration number, the subdepartment to which they belong and the curator responsible for the item and to whom enquiries should be addressed. \r \r The Museum’s bound volumes and exsiccatae are held in seven of the botanical subdepartments, six of which have a taxonomic and or geographical focus: Algae, Bryophytes, Lichens and Slime Moulds, Pteridophytes, British and Irish Seed Plants, General Herbarium (i.e. Rest of the World Seed Plants). The other subdepartment is ‘Historical Collections’. This comprises items that are, for the most part, pre-Linnean (although with some exceptions) and among the specimens preserved within the volumes in this subdepartment are representatives of all groups traditionally preserved in herbaria, together with some zoological and entomological specimens.\r \r The use of bound volumes as a method for the preservation of botanical specimens has a long history. The de facto foundation collection of the Natural History Museum’s herbarium is the herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), and it comprises 263 volumes that are enumerated in this dataset. The oldest specimens in the collection, collected around Lake Constance by J. Spiegler and dating from 1603, are similarly bound into one of the volumes accounted for here (BM013862141). The bound volumes included in this dataset represent over four hundred years of botanical collecting and span the 17th to 20th centuries. \r \r Exsiccatae are sets of dried plant specimens made by one to many different collectors and distributed by an editor, typically accompanied by printed labels. They were often used as standards for comparison. For the most part, the exsiccatae described here are bound in volumes although some are on loose folios that are preserved as sets. Later exsiccatae were often distributed as loose specimens so that they could be more easily incorporated into collections as is the case at the Natural History Museum. Exsiccatae incorporated into the main collections are not described here; only those that have been maintained as distinct sets are listed.\r \r A blog describing the dataset can be found here: https://naturalhistorymuseum.blog/2022/11/20/when-is-a-book-not-a-book-the-bound-volumes-and-exsiccatae-in-the-herbarium-at-the-natural-history-museum-curator-of-botany/\r \r Wherever possible, the titles of exsiccatae given here follow titles given in IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae (http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de/).\r """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "algae", "botany", "bryophytes", "historical collections", "history of science", "hsds heritage science", "lichens", "pteridophytes", "seed plants" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Richard R. W. Knight" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-12-03T17:32:06.642119"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-12-03T17:33:00.903622"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Prof. Richard J. Aldridge conodont collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "An initial listing of UK Silurian assemblage slides from the collection of Prof. Richard J. Aldridge formerly of the University of Leicester. The file synthesises data from the slides themselves and several unpublished documents relating to details of the collection site, a listing of the samples taken, lithological descriptions along with details of sample weights and yields. The collection underpins type and figured specimens already donated to the Natural History Museum and is a major resource for anyone wishing to study British Silurian conodonts." ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "conodonts", "silurian", "uk" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator ; dc1:issued "2026-03-23T16:21:13.733493"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-07-12T11:17:35.344929"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2025-2026" ; dc1:title "Underwater Forests Survey" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Participants survey kelp on the shoreline by running a monthly survey at a given location at the lowest tide of the month.\r \r The survey consists of:\r Taking a photo of the kelp patch from a distance.\r Heading down to the kelp patch and completing three surveys at different points within the patch by counting kelp within a quadrat. If the patch is large enough, a fourth quadrat may also be surveyed. A photo and latitude/longitude is required for each quadrat. Data is submitted to an online form.""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "biodiversity", "citizen science", "seaweed" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Citizen Science" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-11-24T15:20:46.742971"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2025-08-28T21:50:40.128748"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Former Aberystwyth microfossil collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """A catalogue of information about discrete collections within the Former Aberystwyth University Micropalaeontology Collection, now housed the Natural History Museum.\r \r The catalogue is designed for **university academics** and **industrial micropalaeontologists** interested in post-Palaeozoic ostracods and foraminifera.\r \r Collection records generally include:\r \r * the title of the study that produced the collection\r * information about the collector \r * any associated documentation (e.g. thesis, record file or publications) held at the Museum.\r * brief geological ages based on the Gradstein et al. (1996) geological timescale\r * locality information. \r \r The database is searchable by surname, year, fossil type, collector, country/sea/ocean, or by stratigraphical unit. """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther; Phaedra Kokkini; Peter Wing; Louise Allan; Charlotte Barclay; Laurence Livermore" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-09-17T13:05:22.784952"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:32:37.150784"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Atlas of Living Malaysia" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Atlas of Living Malaysia project comprises the records of pre-selected pinned insect specimens at the Natural History Museum, London. It includes representatives of over 5,000 species that occur in Malaysia and the surrounding regions, including material collected by Alfred Russel Wallace along with his personal collection.\r \r Pinned insect specimens from the following 13 Orders were digitised: Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, and Trichoptera.\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information and country level collection locality. Some specimens will have additional images capturing the reverse side of labels and/or additional views of the specimen (ventral and/or lateral).\r \r The data resource is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and the non-governmental organisation ECOMY (Ecotourism and Conservation Society of Malaysia).""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "alfred russel wallace", "blattodea", "coleoptera", "dermaptera", "digital collections programme", "diptera", "ecomy", "hemiptera", "hymenoptera", "lepidoptera", "mantodea", "neuroptera", "odonata", "orthoptera", "phasmatodea", "pinned insects", "trichoptera" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Debra Turner; Mark Carine" ] ; dc1:issued "2025-02-20T20:12:37.888054"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:06.371454"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1773-1776" ; dc1:title "The Herbarium of William Bartram (1739 – 1823)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The renowned artist & naturalist William Bartram was born in in Kingsessing, near Philadelphia in 1739, the son of acclaimed horticulturalist John Bartram. His love of nature & skills of observation & artistry were honed on many botanical collecting trips with his father (Magee, 2019).\r \r With the financial support of the English Quaker, botanist and collector John Fothergill, Bartram undertook an extended expedition to the southeastern United States between 1773 and 1776 “for the discovery of rare & useful productions of nature, chiefly in the vegetable kingdom”.. Exploring Georgia in 1773, he then travelled to Florida the following year before a journey that took him through North Carolina, west Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi over the following two years. In 1791, Bartram published his Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, an account of those explorations between 1773 and 1776. \r \r The specimens collected by Bartram during his 1773-1776 expedition are preserved at the NHM. They were originally sent to Fothergill, his patron, between 1774 and 1776. An additional set of specimens were sent by Bartram to Robert Barclay (1751-1830), one of the founders of the Linnean Society of London, in 1786. Some of the latter were duplicates that he had retained but others represented species that were not represented in the earlier sets of specimens sent to Fothergill. \r \r The specimens are arranged in seven books as follows:\r \r Book I. East Florida Plants. For Doct. Fothergill London Doct[o]r L. Chalmers. [50 specimens]\r \r Book II. East Florida Plants. [30 specimens]\r \r Book A. For Doctor Fothergill. Specimens. Plants of Province of Georgia. [30 specimens]\r \r Book B. On way to Cherokee Country. [52 specimens]\r \r Book C. For Doctr Fothergill. Remarks on the Specimens of Plants natives of So. Carolina. [26 specimens]\r \r Book [D]. [Presumably West Florida]. [19 specimens]\r \r Book [E]. Mr Barclay’s Book. [38 specimens]\r \r Many of the specimens have detailed notes accompanying them. For the most part, the original folios have been remounted onto larger herbarium sheets and are housed in the botany historical collections room, in their original book order. Within each book, specimens are numbered. Twelve specimens, nearly all recognised as types, were removed from that collection and are now housed in the General Herbarium although the notes that accompanied the specimen remain with the other specimens. Among those housed in the General Herbarium are the types of species described by Bartram, including Franklinia alatamaha Bartram and Hydrangea quercifolia W.Bartram.\r \r The binomial names used here largely follow those of Joseph Ewan, who published a detailed account of the collection in Ewan (1968) that included transcriptions of the notes that accompanied the specimens. \r \r Specimens in the William Bartram Herbarium. To access, click on the ‘Go to resource’ button below. You can access the collection in three ways. The table view displays the collection in table format; the list view shows the data accompanying each specimen, together with a thumbnail of the image of the specimen sheet; gallery view allows you to browse the images and access the dataset in that way.\r \r Images carry a CC-BY licence and can be downloaded at full resolution. For details regarding terms and conditions of resuse, please see: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/terms-conditions\r \r References\r \r Ewan, J., 1968. William Bartram: Botanical and Zoological Drawings, 1756-1788. American Philosophical Society.\r \r Magee, J., 2019. William Bartram – The first ecologist. In: Anon. Nature’s Explorers – Adventurers who recorded the wonder of the natural world. The Natural History Museum, London. Pp 36-45.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Mark Carine" ] ; dc1:issued "2023-06-29T09:04:46.187875"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:42:28.248107"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1692-1739" ; dc1:title "The Herbarium of Samuel Dale M.D. (1659-1739)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """Samuel Dale was born in 1659. He was apprenticed as an apothecary before moving to practice in Braintree, Essex in 1680. There, he befriended John Ray and began to pursue an interest in botany. Dale assisted Ray in the preparation of several publications and was became a correspondent of Sloane and Petiver. In 1693, he published Pharmacologia. He also contributed papers on natural history to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In later life, Dale was licenced as a physician by the Royal College of Physicians.\r \r Dale assembled a herbarium that was bequeathed to the Society of Apothecaries following his death. It was kept at Chelsea Physic Garden as a discrete collection housed in specially made oak presses until 1869 when it was transferred to the British Museum. It was subsequently moved to South Kensington in 1881. Today, it forms part of the Herbarium of the Natural History Museum.\r \r Dale’s herbarium comprises 2827 specimens, 458 of which have another collector named. The remainder (2369 specimens) we consider to have been collected by Dale himself. The collections span the period from 1692 until 1739, the year of Dale’s death.\r \r Almost all of the dated specimens collected by Dale were made after 1709. Essex and Suffolk feature prominently among English localities although English gardens represent a more significant source of specimens. There are 435 specimens from Chelsea Physic Garden (collected between 1704 and 1738); 115 specimens from William Sherard’s garden in Eltham, most collected between 1722 and 1726; 41 from the Oxford Botanic Garden (collected in 1709); and 27 from Fulham Palace collected in 1711. Other notable gardens represented include those of Lord Petre (Old Thorndon Hall), Blathwayt (Dyrham Park), Jekyll (Hedingham), Fairchild (Hoxton), Collinson (Peckham), the Duchess of Beaufort (Chelsea), Uvedale (Enfield), Sir Charles Wager (Fulham) and DuBois (Mitcham). There are collections from Dale’s own garden and one specimen from the garden of John Ray.\r \r Thirty individuals other than Dale himself are named on labels. Isaac Rand, Curator of the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1712, its Keeper in 1719 and its first Director from 1725 is named on 124 specimens. There is a collection of 99 specimens from Mark Catesby, including material he collected in Virginia, Carolina, Jamaica and the Bahamas between 1713 and 1726, along with six specimens from the Bahamas collected by Francis Dale in 1730. \r \r Fifty eight specimens were contributed by the East India Company surgeon Edward Bulkley. Collected between 1700 and 1712, most are from Fort St George (= Chennai, India) where he was the company surgeon although some are from Ava (= Inwa) and Pegu (= Bago) in modern day Myanmar. Indian specimens collected by Alexander Brown in 1692 are also among the earliest dated specimens in the herbarium.\r \r Most specimens are accompanied by labels in Dale’s neat and careful hand, detailing names and synonyms that apply to the specimen. Fifteen specimens have more than one label including provenance information. Where there is a second label, we have transcribed the earliest; details of the second label can be seen in the 'Additional labels' data resource below. \r \r The specimens are mostly stored in the Botany Historic Collections Room (HCR) where they are curated in a family order. However, localised British material is stored in the British and Irish Herbarium in the main run.\r \r The determinations given for HCR specimens are largely the families in which the specimens are curated (albeit updated to reflect the names used elsewhere in the botany collections eg Fabaceae, Asteraceae etc). In some cases, a second determination is provided. The Catesby specimens have been determined to species as have the specimens in the British and Irish Herbarium.\r \r Imaging of the specimens is in progress.""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Andrew S Henderson; Giles Miller; Geoff Eaton" ] ; dc1:issued "2016-11-23T15:35:09.962421"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2025-08-28T22:25:31.912265"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "1950 onwards" ; dc1:title "The former British Petroleum microfossil collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The database represents the microfossil well-run collection resulting from British Petroleum's exploration activities since the 1950s. It holds details of material from over 3,500 individual well runs. \r \r The main purpose of the database is to allow researchers to identify material of interest, based on its geographical location.\r \r Please note that if you're using Excel to work with this dataset, you will need to import the .csv file as text and specifically set the 'Well_Name' and 'Well_Number' column data types to 'text' to avoid corruption of the data. """ ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Jacek Wajer" ] ; dc1:issued "2022-08-22T11:53:30.837197"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-08-17T12:22:27.274101"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """## Project Summary\r \r Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) introduced the consistent use of binomial names for both plants and animals, validly publishing over 9,000 plant names. Since 1981 the Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project, based at The Natural History Museum, has been collating and cataloguing information on published type designations for Linnaean plant names and, where none exists, has been collaborating with specialists in designating appropriate types.\r \r A type specimen is one which is permanently associated with a given scientific name, and acts as a permanent reference collection to confirm the identity of the species to which the name must apply. The Project's main aim is to promote nomenclatural stability in Linnaean plant names by establishing clear typifications for each of the names involved.\r \r The Project is necessarily international in scope, receiving enquiries and requests for information on Linnaean names from all over the world. We are always keen to develop further collaboration with taxonomic or regional specialists in the evaluation of Linnaean names and their types. Based at The Natural History Museum, the Project is also indebted to the Linnean Society of London for generous grant support.\r \r For more information, see the 'Supplementary Information' resource. """ ; dcat:distribution , , ; dcat:keyword "botany", "hsds heritage science", "linnaeus", "types" ; dcat:landingPage , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator ; dc1:issued "2014-12-15T12:55:44.603705"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:39:28.965477"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Artefacts" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Cultural and historical artefacts from The Natural History Museum" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "hsds heritage science" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Adriana De Palma; Sara Contu; Gareth E Thomas; Connor Duffin; Sabine Nix; Andy Purvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-10-07T10:40:03.311731"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "Other (Non-Commercial)" ; dc1:modified "2025-08-05T15:38:30.619503"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2000-2020" ; dc1:title "The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by The Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1 (Open Access, Limited Release)" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """A temporally limited release of The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by the Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1 is made available here for non-commercial use under a CC-BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this data, you agree to be bound by these terms. \r \r For the most recent, complete dataset (annual, from 2000 to 2020 with regular updates, and improved spatial resolution), or to use the data for commercial use, please contact biodiversityfuturesexplorer@nhm.ac.uk. \r \r © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Stergios Zarkogiannis; Thomas Wood; Giles Miller; Stephen Stukins; Brett Clark" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-08-09T16:16:24.391544"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-05-27T16:41:38.363825"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "CT scans of H.M.S. Challenger sediments" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This represents the ct scan dataset from a paper entitled "Reassessing the HMS Challenger\r collection as a late 19th century surface ocean indicator using X-ray microcomputed tomography" by Stergios Zarkogiannis, Thomas Wood, C. Giles Miller, Stephen Stukins and Brett Clark. \r Plankton tow net samples collected during the HMS Challenger expedition (1872–1876) have highlighted the potential to provide an unique window into past oceanic conditions. This study aims to assess the suitability of HMS Challenger sediment samples as indicators of late 19th century surface oceanic conditions using X-ray micro-computed tomography (mCT). We used mCT to\r examine all 21 available Challenger samples from the global ocean that were labelled as ‘tow-net at dredge’, ‘weights’, or ‘trawl’. Our analysis reveals that most samples contain benthic foraminifera shells, along with high concentrations of foraminiferal fragments and detrital quartz grains, while the remaining samples consist of sedimentary material devoid of calcareous microfossils. These findings suggest that these tow-net samples include resuspended bottom sediments rather than exclusively surface-derived material. This distinction is critical because it demonstrates that two types of Challenger tow-net samples exist:\r surface ocean samples and deep-water tow-net samples that incorporate seafloor material. The surface tow-net samples were recently located and are referenced in this study. These findings highlight the importance of re-evaluating historical sediment collections with modern analytical techniques to ensure accurate paleoceanographic interpretations. Furthermore, the study\r demonstrates the effectiveness of mCT as a non-destructive tool for sediment analysis, allowing for the detailed examination of collections without the need for washing or wet sieving.\r """ ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "deep sea sediment", "h.m.s. challenger", "hsds heritage science", "tow net", "x-ray computed tomography" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Peter Wing; Louise Berridge; Emma Bonzo; Joseph Deane; Noelia Gahan; Ying Luo; Skye Neal; Megan Squire; Glory Turnbull; Larissa Welton; Chrissy Williams; Janice Wu; Louise Allan; Krisztina Lohonya; Chiho Ikebe; Marla Spencer; Hillery Warner; Paul Andrew Brown" ] ; dc1:issued "2024-03-01T10:37:08.788435"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-07-30T11:22:58.261780"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "Aphidoidea Slide Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The Aphidoidea collection comprises the records of all the slide-mounted Aphidoidea material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of the project completion (December 2023). This includes the main collection and discrete collection of Frederick Vincent Theobald.\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (Data Matrix barcode), taxon information, type status, country level collection locality. Additional images were taken to capture any information on the reverse of the slides and/or the paper envelopes that house the slides.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link. Please search for the relevant taxa as this dataset if part of a larger project covering a range of Orders and Superfamilies.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:keyword "aphidoidea", "aphids", "digital collections", "digital collections programme", "entomology", "hemiptera", "microscope slides", "theobald" ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:accrualPeriodicity ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Peter Baker; Clare Booth-Downs; Yoke-Shum Broom; Robyn Crowther; Melis Erdem; Pauline Heathcote; Neil Ireland; Phaedra Kokkini; Renee Miller; Ranee Om Prakash; Sarah Price; Judith Rose; Judith Shorter; Michelle Sutton; Hillery Warner; Peter Wing; Jovita C. Yesilyurt; Louise Allan" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-09-17T14:45:08.376636"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2024-08-30T13:02:57.900105"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "pre 1850 to present day" ; dc1:title "World and European Brassicales Collection" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """The World and European Brassicales collections comprises the records of all the sheet-mounted material at the Natural History Museum, London at the time of project completion (April 2019).\r \r Each specimen record has been published with an image capturing both the specimen and its associated labels and creating an inventory record with a unique identifier (barcode), taxon information and geographical locality.\r \r The data resource generated by the project is available using the link.\r \r This collection was digitised as part of the Museum's Digital Collections Programme and V Factor programme.""" ; dcat:distribution , ; dcat:keyword "brassicales", "digital collections programme", "herbarium sheets" ; dcat:landingPage , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Ana Claudia Araujo; Ben Hartley; Neil Brummit" ] ; dc1:issued "2026-02-13T12:53:20.718346"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-06-22T15:18:29.162907"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "UK Peatland species functional traits" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """This dataset provides plant functional trait information automatically extracted from published taxonomic descriptions for a curated set of UK peatland plant species. The species list comprises 385 angiosperm taxa characteristic of peatland ecosystems in the United Kingdom, assembled to support methodological development and validation of automated trait extraction workflows. Each species was systematically searched across multiple textual sources, including the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL; OCR-derived biodiversity literature), eFloras (including Flora of North America, Flora of China, and related online floras), and the Ecological Flora Database (Ecoflora). Where botanical descriptions were identified, natural language processing methods were used to extract structured trait information.\r \r Trait extraction was implemented using the ADEPT pipeline (https://github.com/NaturalHistoryMuseum/ADEPT\r ), which combines machine-learning classification of botanical descriptions, ontology-driven terminology matching, numeric named-entity recognition, syntactic parsing, and rule-based semantic interpretation to associate traits with plant structures and standardise quantitative measurements.""" ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Katia Sanchez-Ortiz; Ricardo E Gonzalez; Adriana De Palma; Tim Newbold; Samantha L L Hill; Jason Tylianakis; Igor Lysenko; Luca Borger; Andy Purvis" ] ; dc1:issued "2019-03-13T09:52:39.566204"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license "License not specified" ; dc1:modified "2024-07-15T14:03:22.162886"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:temporal "2005" ; dc1:title "Global maps of Biodiversity Intactness Index (Sanchez-Ortiz et al., 2019 - bioRxiv )" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description "Global maps of biodiversity intactness for the year 2005 (Abundance-based BII and Richness-based BII). These high-resolution rasters were used to plot Figure 1 in \"Land-use and related pressures have reduced biotic integrity more on islands than on mainlands\" (Sanchez-Ortiz et al., 2019). We have updated methods previously used to estimate BII globally (Newbold et al., 2016) to allow pressure effects to differ between islands and mainlands, while also implementing some other recent improvements in modelling. " ; dcat:distribution ; dcat:landingPage ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Research" ] . a void:DatasetDescription ; cc:license ; foaf:primaryTopic . a dcat:Dataset ; dc1:creator [ a vcard:Person ; vcard:fn "Philippa Brewer; Kaitlyn Burton; Adrian Lister; Jennifer Pullar; Amy Scott-Murray; Lorna Steel; Emily Keeble; Richard Fariña; Sebastián Tambusso; Luciano Varela; Mauro Muyano" ] ; dc1:issued "2018-04-02T22:15:13.120985"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:license ; dc1:modified "2026-08-25T08:40:58.066923"^^xsd:dateTime ; dc1:title "Darwin's Fossil Mammals" ; dcat:contactPoint ; dcat:description """[![A thumbnail image of the Toxodon cranium model on Sketchfab](/images/toxodon.gif)](https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/skull-of-toxodon-platensis-0b6b3144b32d4467969ba6e56670d896)\r \r [View and interact with this _Toxodon_ cranium model on Sketchfab](https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/skull-of-toxodon-platensis-0b6b3144b32d4467969ba6e56670d896)\r \r 3D scans of fossil mammal specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle. \r \r Scanning, documentation and conservation of the specimens has been possible due to the generous support of The Hartnett Conservation Trust, The Leche Trust, The Barbara Whatmore Charitable Trust and an anonymous donor. Scanning was done by Kate Burton using the Faro Edge laser scanner and the scans were processed using Geomagic Wrap software. Specimens and context data were provided by Phillipa Brewer and Adrian Lister. For access to high resolution scans of these specimens please [contact us](mailto:fossilmammalcollections@nhm.ac.uk).\r \r Our project page is http://www.nhm.ac.uk/darwinsfossils""" ; dcat:distribution , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:keyword "3d", "3d scans", "adrian lister", "argentina", "arroyo tapas", "bahia blanca", "bajada de santa fe", "bajada grande", "beagle", "carcarañá", "charles darwin", "cranium", "entre ríos", "fossil mammals", "holocene", "holotype", "hsds heritage science", "incisor", "jaw", "mammals", "mandible", "megatherium", "molar", "palaeontology", "paraná", "pleistocene", "punta alta", "rio tercero", "sarandis", "skull", "todoxon platensis", "tooth", "toxodon", "uruguay", "voyage of the beagle" ; dcat:landingPage , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; dcat:theme [ a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Collections" ] . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Nicola Lowndes" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Richard Twitchett" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Natalie Cooper" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Malcolm Penn" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Katia Sanchez Ortiz" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Joe McNeil" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Andrea Waeschenbach" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Sandy Knapp" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Edgley Cesar" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Joseph Razzell Hollis" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Robyn Crowther" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Esther Manzanares" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Wren Montgomery" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Kath Castillo" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Victoria Burton" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Zoe Adams" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Phaedra Kokkini" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Juliet Brodie" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Jacek Wajer" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Krisztina Lohonya" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Jessica Wardlaw" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Helena Bates" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Sophie Corrigan" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Ben Scott" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Kenneth Johnson" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Stephen Stukins" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Hugh Carter" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Glory Turnbull" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Ranee Prakash" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Jeffrey Streicher" ; vcard:hasEmail . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Global Asteroidea Occurrence Dataset.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 16220105.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Linnean Butterfly Types" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 28686.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "ITS alignment" ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "Minchin et al (2024) British and Irish Botany ITS alignment.txt" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 59945.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/plain" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """We calculated the mean values for each year of the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) (weighted by cell area) as well as a number of pressure variables (as change in pressures drive change in BII). We used cross-validation (leaving one biome out in turn) to provide decadal upper and lower uncertainty margins for BII.\r \r The variables include: bii: mean Biodiversity Intactness Index \r crops: mean grid cell fraction assigned to annual, perennial and nitrogen-fixing crops \r pastureland: mean grid cell fraction assigned to pasture and rangeland \r urban extent: mean grid cell fraction assigned to urban \r highintensityag: mean grid cell fraction assigned to high-intensity agriculture (annual, perennial and nitrogen fixing crops and pasture) \r qualitynatural: primary and mature secondary vegetation that is either under minimal or light use hpd: mean human population density\r \r Area codes correspond to the UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions. See associated json file.\r \r The summary data are provided for all variables in long format (i.e., one row for each scenario, year, variable and area code combination).\r \r \r Previous version included only data for 2000-2050, and did not include uncertainty limits.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "long_data.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 30229598.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "json file providing area codes and names (using UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions). " ; dc1:format "JSON" ; dc1:title "area_code.json" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 21165.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/json" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "area codes, along with hierarchy information and names, using the UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions." ; dc1:format "JSON" ; dc1:title "area_code_hier.json" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 18318.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/json" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """We calculated the mean values for each year of the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) (weighted by cell area) as well as a number of pressure variables (as change in pressures drive change in BII). We used cross-validation (leaving one biome out in turn) to provide decadal upper and lower uncertainty margins for BII.\r \r The variables include: bii: mean Biodiversity Intactness Index \r crops: mean grid cell fraction assigned to annual, perennial and nitrogen-fixing crops \r pastureland: mean grid cell fraction assigned to pasture and rangeland \r urban extent: mean grid cell fraction assigned to urban \r highintensityag: mean grid cell fraction assigned to high-intensity agriculture (annual, perennial and nitrogen fixing crops and pasture) \r qualitynatural: primary and mature secondary vegetation that is either under minimal or light use hpd: mean human population density\r \r Area codes correspond to the UN M49 area codes for countries, interregions, subregions and regions. See associated json file.\r \r The summary data are provided for all variables in long format (i.e., one row for each scenario, year, variable and area code combination).\r \r \r Previous version included only data for 2000-2050, and did not include uncertainty limits.""" ; dc1:title "long_data.rds" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1609383.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Listing of unregistered slides from John Whittaker's Archaeological Studies. Assemblage slides containing mainly Foraminifera and Ostracoda from sites studied in from the South of England." ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "JW_Office_Cabinets_Archaeology_slides.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 103646.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """A transcription of the catalogue to the John Ray Herbarium produced by Samuel Dale (1659-1739). \r Updated on 23/12/2025 to include links to images of corresponding pages in Samuel Dale's catalogue to the herbarium.""" ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Dale Catalogue to the Ray Herbarium" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 98357.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Records and images of the herbarium sheets contained in the Herbarium of John Ray. \r \r The data can be viewed as a table, with links to the images, in a list view which displays thumbnails of the image alongside the data for each sheet or as a gallery of images of herbarium sheets\r \r The following information is provided for each sheet: the fascicle; folio number; NHM registration number (a nine digit number with a BM prefix which should be used when citing an individual sheet); url for the image on the NHM dataportal.\r \r Images may be downloaded at the original resolution and used under a CC-BY licence (acknowledging the copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum). For further details see https://data.nhm.ac.uk/terms-conditions.""" ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "John Ray Herbarium sheets" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 51984.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "John Chainey Lepidoptera Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Museum grounds specimens" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 18590.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Registration numbers, groups, taxonomic names, sites and stratigraphy" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Lyell Collection with identifications and specimen numbers " ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 118285.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A Darwin Core export of all of the records on the NHM Data Portal relating to the Ocean Bottom Deposits Collection. Each line in the data may refer to multiple items. Sometimes these may have been allocated separate records that need to be searched for in the data portal. Please contact the dataset curator if you are interested to know about material available for any of these samples." ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Ocean_Bottom_Deposits_updated_24Sep24.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 7166862.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """The state of the world’s seaweeds is an up-to-date review, prompted by an urgent need to conserve and protect the world’s seaweeds in the face of devastating impacts\r due to human activities and the triple planetary crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. Bringing together multiple sources of evidence on global seaweed\r distribution, habitats and ecosystem services, with how seaweeds are threatened, protected and restored, this document provides the evidence for a Seaweed\r Breakthrough conservation initiative.""" ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "State-of-the-Worlds-Seaweeds_2025.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "‘Global_cbtpan.zip’ is a collection of 1764 single-band geotiffs covering >99% of the martian surface. Contains all CaRDR PAN browse products (~15 MB each, 8-bit unsigned, PAN only)." ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "Global_cbtpan.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 20469200728.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This is a README.txt file that describes the dataset, its structure, file naming conventions, usage and citations, and acknowledgements." ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "README file for CaRDR Dataset" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 9090.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/plain" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """CaRDR_List.csv is a searchable table containing geographic information for CaRDR tiles, with URL links to download them from the NHM Data Portal. \r \r Packages of type ‘CRRBP’ (CaRDR Basic Products), contain the three most-used CaRDR products: \r (1) cifcub: CaRDR Lambert Albedo Cubes (4-band float32)\r (2) cbtnpb: Browse Tile NIR-PAN-BLU (3-band 8-bit uint8)\r (3) cbtpan: Browse Tile PAN channel (1-band 8-bit uint8)\r \r Packages of type ‘CRREP’ (CaRDR Extra Products), contain additional CaRDR products: \r (1) cspcub: Spectral Parameter Cube containing cbrc1 and cbrc2\r (2) cbtcbrc1: Colour Band Ratio Composite 1 (see Tornabene et al., 2018. Distinguishes Ferric, and Fe-poor deposits).\r (3) cbtcbrc2: Colour Band Ratio Composite 2 (see Tornabene et al., 2018. Distinguishes Ice/atmospheric phenomena from other surface materials).\r (4) cbtnrb: Browse Tile NIR-RED-BLU\r (5) cbtnrp: Browse Tile RED-PAN-BLU\r (6) cbtrgb: True-colour approximation (RGB).""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "CaRDR File List" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 331390.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """A zipped, GIS-ready .shp file, which contains an attribute table with direct links to crrbp and crrep products for each specific tile. This has been modified from the original VRDR coverage shapefile located at https://ode.rsl.wustl.edu/mars/datafile/derived_products/coverageshapefiles/mars/mro/crism/vrdr/mars_mro_crism_vrdr_c0a.tar.gz; product contains area footprints with geographic latitude [-90, 90] and longitude [-180, 180] in a globe. The attribute table for this .shp also contains links to original VRDR vrral, vrrde and vrrsu products on the ODE. \r \r Total coverage for each tile can be determined here: https://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/mro/crism_vrdr_figures/VRDR_tile_percent_coverage_251006.png""" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "CaRDR Shapefile" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 167761.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description " ‘Global_cifcub.zip’ is a collection of 1764 geotiffs and associated .hdr files, overing >99% of the martian surface. Contains all CaRDR Lambert Albedo cubes (~160 MB each, 32-bit float), with all four NIR-RED-PAN-BLU channels." ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "Global_cifcub.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 249060586919.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "‘Global_cbtnpb.zip’ is a collection of 1764 geotiffs covering >99% of the martian surface. Contains all CaRDR NPB browse products (~30 MB each, 8-bit unsigned, R: NIR, G: PAN, B: BLU). " ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "Global_cbtnpb.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 42425936192.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "UKSI data provided to the Environment Agency" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20260707a Live DB cut-down.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 118590911.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "metadata.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 25056.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "2022 images" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3888018226.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "FTIR data 2024-07-04" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 142954452.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "2021 images" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 6396017938.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "Raman data 2024-07-04" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 306680073.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Cooper collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Cooper collection specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "Range expansion analysis input (nex)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1669374.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "VCF" ; dc1:title "SNP data (filtered)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 39110725.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/vcard" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "FineRAD structure input (prelim filtered)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 8225066.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/plain" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "EEMS input file (coord)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1692.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/plain" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "FineRAD structure input (filtered)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2292656.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/plain" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Range expansion analysis input (csv)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 4476.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "GZ" ; dc1:title "TreeMix input file" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 20982.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "EEMS input file (outer)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 49.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "Geographical coordinates of samples" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2379.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/plain" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "EEMS input file (diffs)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 88011.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "GZ" ; dc1:title "TreeMix input file (No Praslin)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 19871.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XML" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER input file" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 857011.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/xml" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "STRU" ; dc1:title "Structure input file (filtered)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3414624.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "STRU" ; dc1:title "Structure input file (prelim filtered)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 12012983.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "VCF" ; dc1:title "SNP data (prelim-filter)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 142126353.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/vcard" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This dataset provides a drawer level listing of the Imperial College Royal School of Mines microfossil collection of mainly Foraminifera collected by Dr David Carter. It was compiled by Jonathan Whittaker and includes information about collections from 89 different countries worldwide. Significant collections include material from the Channel Tunnel investigations in the English Channel and for the Thames Barrier in the Thames Estuary. Column headers provide details of David Carter's own numbering system as well as location of collection details. Most slides are assemblage material but some are thin sections. Stratigraphic information is available via an associated card index." ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Imperial College Royal School of Mines Micropalaeontology Collection" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 79623.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Imperial College Royal School of Mines Micropalaeontology Collection" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Specimens referred by Sloane and his assistants to plant names described by John Ray in his Historia Plantarum (1686-1704) and to additional names recorded in the headers and footers.\r Updated 6/5/2026.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sloane's annotations in Ray's Historia Plantarum" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 4604135.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "An explanation of the data included in the dataset. We recommend reading this guide before using the dataset. " ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Data description and change log" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 496014.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This dataset provides a complete catalogue of the diatoms samples preserved dried on paper, glass and mica sheets and stored in packets glued to herbarium sheets. Each specimen has been databased to capture, minimally, its registration number (barcode) and the 'filed as' name, which may or may not be the currently accepted name. Most of these specimens have images associated with them, such as a photograph of the herbarium sheet." ; dc1:title "Diatoms Herbarium Collection" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the “Papilionoidea New Type” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Papilionoidea New Type Specimens " ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Birdwing Butterfly Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Birdwing Butterfly Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Small Orders Slide Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Small Orders Slide Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the “Convolvulaceae Digitisation” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Convolvulaceae Digitisation" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Identical details to **seabird-tree-plastic-2026.nex** but including one additional species that was only represented by nest-bound birds." ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "seabird-tree-plastic-nest-2026.nex" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 18049.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This is a species-level pruned tree matched to the seabird list from Clements 2025 taxonomy. \r \r All species are present in this tree, except four species of *Sterna* with uncertain taxonomic placement.\r \r The original trees come from Claramunt et al 2025: BBtree3. Available from: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evolucionario/BigBirdTree""" ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "seabird-tree-2026" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 30042.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """# List of seabirds from Clements taxonomy\r \r Citation: Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2025. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2025. \r \r Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/\r \r Seabirds are defined as follows:\r \r 1. All Sphenisciformes (penguins)\r 1. All Procellariiformes (petrels, albatross etc.)\r 1. All Gaviiformes (divers/loons)\r 1. All Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)\r 1. All Suliformes (gannets, boobies etc.) except Anhingidae (anhingas)\r 1. Within Pelecaniformes, Pelecanidae (pelicans)\r 1. Within Charadriiformes, Laridae (gulls), Alcidae (auks), Stercorariidae (skuas) and Phalaropodini (phalaropes)\r 1. Within Anseriformes, Mergini (diving ducks)\r \r We also exclude the extinct species *Bulweria bifax, Camptorhynchus labradorius, Hydrobates macrodactylus, Mergus australis, Pinguinus impennis, Pterodroma caribbaea, Pterodroma rupinarum,* and *Urile perspicillatus*""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "seabird-list-Clements2025" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 10489354.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Species-specific data on behavioural and life-history traits were collected for each seabird species from Handbook of Birds of the World, 2025 and Dunning et al 2007. \r \r We focused on traits that have previously been used to explain observed patterns in plastic ingestion and traits which we theorised could increase vulnerability to plastic ingestion. These were diet, use of anthropogenic subsidies, foraging method, whether a species is a pelagic specialist, and body mass. \r \r Diet was categorised based on the presence or absence of prey types in the published diet descriptions: ‘carrion and non-fish vertebrates’, ‘cephalopods’, ‘crustaceans’, ‘fish’, or ‘other invertebrates’. Species were classified as using anthropogenic subsidies in the form of agricultural sources (i.e. following farm machinery of workers etc.), refuse (i.e. association with landfills etc.), or fisheries (i.e., attending trawlers, foraging on fisheries discards or offal, fish farms etc.). \r \r Foraging method was categorised based on the presence or absence of foraging methods: ‘aerial pursuit’, ‘bottom-feeding’, ‘diving’ (i.e. moving through the water powered by feet or wings), ‘plunging’ (including pursuit plunging and surface plunging from any height, or any submersion of head/body while feeding on the water's surface), ‘terrestrial-feeding’ (hunting live prey or scavenging on land), ‘scavenging’ (either terrestrially or on the water), ‘skimming’ (including hydroplaning), or ‘surface seizing’ (including dabbling, dipping, and pattering). Species were classified as pelagic specialists if they predominantly forage in the pelagic zone. \r \r Columns contain the following.\r \r * **HBWv8.1_Binomial**. Species name following Handbook of Birds of the World (HBW) v8.1 taxonomy. Note taxonomy is updated to Clements et al 2025 in the data cleaning stages. \r * **Link_species**. Link to the HBW species account. \r * **Feeding.Method.Simple**. Primary feeding method for each species. Options are: aerial pursuit, bottom-feeding, diving, plunging (includes pursuit plunging and surface plunging), scavenging, skimming, or surface seizing (includes dipping and pattering). Taken from the HBW species account. \r * **Diet**. Primary diet based on the dominant prey type. Options are: carrion and non-fish vertebrates, cephalopods, crustaceans, fish, or other invertebrates. Taken from the HBW species account. \r * **Diet_description**. Verbatim copy of HBW species account diet information. \r * **Anthropogenic.subsidy.search.word**. \r * **Anthropogenic.subsidy.simple**. \r * **Fish**. Presence or absence of fish in the diet description in HBW. \r * **Cephalopods**. Presence or absence of cephalopods in the diet description in HBW. \r * **Crustaceans**. Presence or absence of crustaceans in the diet description in HBW. \r * **Other.Inverts**. Presence or absence of other invertebrates (i.e. not cephalopods or crustaceans) in the diet description in HBW. \r * **Carrion.NonFishVertebrates**. Presence or absence of carrion or non fish vertebrates in the diet description in HBW. \r * **Anthropogenic.Subsidy**. Does the species use anthropogenic food sources? Yes/No. Species were classified as using anthropogenic resources if diet descriptions included mention of an association with landfills, fisheries (i.e., attending trawlers, foraging on fisheries discards or offal) fish farms or other human food sources. \r * **pelagic_specialist_CR**. Does the species predominantly forage in the pelagic zone? Yes/No. \r * **Body.Mass.g**. Species body mass (g). If more than one value given, we used the average for Male and Female.\r * **scaled.body.mass**. Mean normalised body mass. \r * **Source_Body.Mass.g**. Source of body mass data, primarily Dunning JB Jr. 2007 CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, Second Edition. 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press. See https://www.crcpress.com/CRC-Handbook-of-Avian-Body-Masses-Second-Edition/Dunning-Jr/p/book/9781420064445.\r * **AS.Fishery**. Presence or absence of feeding on fisheries discards or attending trawlers in the diet description in HBW. \r * **AS.Refuse**. Presence or absence of feeding on refuse in the diet description in HBW. \r * **AS.Agriculture**. Presence or absence of feeding on agricultural sources, e.g. attending fields in the diet description in HBW. \r * **aerial_pursuit**. Presence or absence of aerial pursuit feeding in the feeding behaviour description in HBW. \r * **bottom_feeding**. Presence or absence of bottom feeding in the feeding behaviour description in HBW. \r * **diving**. Presence or absence of diving in the feeding behaviour description in HBW. \r * **plunging**. Presence or absence of plunging (including pursuit plunging and surface plunging) in the feeding behaviour description in HBW. \r * **scavenging**. Presence or absence of scavenging in the feeding behaviour description in HBW. \r * **skimming**. Presence or absence of skimming or hydroplaning in the feeding behaviour description in HBW. \r * **surface_seizing**. Presence or absence of surface seizing (including dabbling, dipping, and pattering) in the feeding behaviour description in HBW. \r * **terrestrial_feeding**. Presence or absence of terrestrial-feeding (hunting live prey or scavenging on land) in the feeding behaviour description in HBW.\r * **feeding_method_notes**. Notes taken from HBW species accounts used to determine the feeding method.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "03_trait-data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 501616.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Identical details to **plastic-data-aggregated_2026.csv** but including nest-bound birds" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "plastic-data-aggregated-nest_2026.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 372151.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This is the list of papers extracted from our literature searches, along with whether they were relevant (or not) and thus included in dataset **02_plastic-ingestion-data**. Full details of data collection are in the Supplementary Materials of the paper.\r \r In brief, papers were identified using Web of Science and/or Google Scholar searches using the following search terms:\r \r - “seabird* plastic OR debris OR pollution”\r - “plastic* gull OR shearwater OR albatross OR petrel OR penguin OR puffin OR auk OR guillemot OR murre* OR tern OR skua OR jaeger OR frigatebird OR booby OR gannet OR cormorant OR shag OR tropicbird OR merganser OR pelican OR phalarope OR scoter OR eider OR fulmar OR prion OR noddy OR gannet OR loon OR diver”.\r \r We considered peer-reviewed papers, research reports, conference proceedings and theses published to the end of 2024 and spanning 387 seabird species as defined by Gaston (2004), excluding eight extinct species (*Bulweria bifax, Camptorhynchus labradorius, Hydrobates macrodactylus, Mergus australis, Pinguinus impennis, Pterodroma caribbaea, Pterodroma rupinarum,* and *Urile perspicillatus*). We excluded articles and reports on species occurring only in freshwater, extinct species, captive populations, and studies reporting on cases of plastic entanglement or ingestion of non-plastic items, such as studies that pooled plastic with non-plastic marine debris (e.g., metal fishing hooks, natural fibres, artificially treated cellulose, rubber and glass). Both plastic-focused research and research where plastic was found incidentally, such as in traditional diet studies, were included. Plastics of all types (e.g., fragments, foam, sheets, fibres) and of all sizes were recorded. All publications discovered in literature searches were downloaded and recorded in **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data**, but only relevant studies were added to the dataset **02_plastic-ingestion-data**.\r \r Column contents are as follows.\r \r - **Source**. Shortened name of the source, e.g. Author et al, YEAR. If not included in the main dataset **02_plastic-ingestion-data** this is set to "Not relevant". \r - **Used**. Indicates whether data from a particular source was used in the present study. Any papers labelled "Yes" were included in the **02_plastic-ingestion-data** dataset. Sources marked as "Not relevant" or anything other other than "Yes" were not included in **02_plastic-ingestion-data**. Reasons for papers being classed as "Not relevant" included irrelevance to the study's scope or redundancy with other sources. For example, sources may be excluded if they focus on topics like nest pollution, entanglement, distribution characterisation, or if they lack specificity regarding plastic ingestion. Duplicate information from other references was also a common reason for exclusion.\r * **Authors**. Authors of the paper. \r * **Year**. Year of publication. \r * **Link.plastic**. Link to the paper. \r * **Title**. Title of the paper. \r * **DOI**. DOI of the paper \r * **Comments**. Any comments added by data curators about the relevancy of the paper.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 246139.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Identical to **seabird-tree-plastic-2026.nex** except it excludes the 35 species we added the the original tree." ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "seabird-tree-2026-no-additions.nex" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 27554.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Cleaned and aggregated dataset used in the analyses.\r \r To get from the raw data to this dataset see details on GitHub in script **01-data-preparation**. In brief we:\r \r - recalculate median year of each study to give a decimal number\r - standardise body size with TWO standard deviations, as suggested by Gelman 2008\r - merge trait and plastic datasets\r - convert all No/Yes variables to binary 0/1.\r - add a column called tips which is the Binomial name with "_" to match the tree\r - aggregate age class into just two life history stages: free-flying and not (i.e. nestbound). We exclude nestbound birds but keep mixed studies.\r - remove columns we don't need in the analyses\r - remove a small number of NAs which we aren't able to work with. We lose a few studies, which include few species each, and one species with no diet info. \r \r We also aggregated the data because some studies separate birds into small groups (i.e. within-study sampling locations). However, for the purposes of meta-analyses, we are treating all observations as exchangeable (i.e. as replicates) if they:\r \r - are collected by the same authors (Source)\r - in the same Marine Region\r - in the same Year\r \r Columns are as follows.\r \r * **clements2025_binomial**. Species name matched to Clements et al 2025 taxonomy. \r * **tips**. Species name matched to Clements et al 2025 taxonomy with _ to match the phylogeny. \r * **order**. Taxonomic order. \r * **family**. Taxonomic family. \r * **freeflying**. Freeflying (adult, subadult, adult/subadult age class) or mixed. 1 (freeflying) or NA (mixed). Nestbound birds have been removed.\r * **source**. Source name in the form Author et al, YEAR. This matches the Source column in 01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data and 02-plastic-ingestion-data. \r **date_median**. Median year the study covered. \r **marine_region**. Ocean basin of study site. Options are Arctic, Indian, North Atlantic, North Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific, or Southern oceans. \r * **sampling_method**. Primary way that plastic samples were obtained. Options are bolus, brushing, lavage, necropsy, regurgitation or scat. \r * **body_mass_g**. Body mass (g). \r * **body_mass_2sd**. Mean normalised body mass. \r * **main_diet**. Primary diet based on the dominant prey type. Options are: carrion and non-fish vertebrates, cephalopods, crustaceans, fish, or other invertebrates. \r * **carrion**. Presence or absence of carrion in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **fish**. Presence or absence of carrion in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **cephalopods**. Presence or absence of carrion in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **crustaceans**. Presence or absence of carrion in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **other_inverts**. Presence or absence of other invertebrates (i.e. not cephalopods or crustaceans) in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **as_fishery**. Presence or absence of carrion in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **as_agriculture**. Presence or absence of carrion in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **as_refuse**. Presence or absence of carrion in the diet description. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **anthropogenic_subsidy**. Does the species use anthropogenic food sources? 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **pelagic_specialist**. Is the species a pelagic specialist? 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **feeding_method**. Primary feeding method for each species. Options are: aerial pursuit, bottom-feeding, diving, plunging (includes pursuit plunging and surface plunging), scavenging, skimming, or surface seizing (includes dipping and pattering). \r * **aerial_pursuit**. Presence or absence of aerial pursuit feeding. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **bottom_feeding**. Presence or absence of bottom feeding. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **diving**. Presence or absence of diving feeding. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **plunging**. Presence or absence of plunging. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence).\r * **scavenging**. Presence or absence of scavenging. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **skimming**. Presence or absence of skim feeding. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence).\r * **surface_seizing**. Presence or absence of surface seizing. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **terrestrial_feeding**. Presence or absence of terrestrial feeding. 0 (absence) or 1 (presence). \r * **n_plastic**. Number of sampled birds that had ingested at least one piece of plastic. \r * **n_total**. Number of birds sampled.\r * **FO**. Frequency of occurrence of plastic. This is calculated as n_plastic / n_total.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "plastic-data-aggregated_2026" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 345844.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """File explaining where to add missing species to the taxonomy of Claramunt et al 2025.\r \r Column contents are as follows.\r \r * **Species**. Name of missing species.\r * **Simple**. Is the taxon simple to add to the tree, i.e. can it just be added to an existing tip (yes) or does it require more complicated coding (no)? YES/NO. \r * **Tip**. For simple additions, the name of the tip that the missing species should be grafted onto. Otherwise the name of the group the missing species needs to be grafted onto.\r * **Branch**. The divergence time for the branch length of the new branch added when the missing species is grafter to the tree.\r * **Justification**. Justification for decisions in the previous columns.\r * **Source**. Reference for the decision.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "tips-to-add" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 5277.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Full list of 383 seabird species found in the Clements et al 2025 taxonomy and the Claramnut et al 2025 phylogeny, along with information on the number of birds sampled, number of plastic ingestion studies, number of birds ingesting plastic, mean weighted frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion, and whether or not plastic was recorded. For species not found in our plastic ingestion dataset, all entries are NA aside from FO which is zero.\r \r Column contents are as follows.\r \r * **tips**. Species name from Clements et al 2025 taxonomy.\r * **total_plastic**. Total number of birds recorded to ingest plastic.\r * **total_n**. Total number of birds studied.\r **species_FO**. Mean weighted frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion (i.e. total_plastic / total_n weighted by total_n.\r * **n_studies**. Number of plastic ingestion studies.\r * **plastic**. Does the species ingest plastic? Yes/No/NA for species that do not appear in our plastic ingestion dataset.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "full-species-list-2026" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 15946.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This is a species-level pruned tree matched to the seabird list from Clements 2025 taxonomy, containing **ONLY** the 240 species we collated data from in *02-plastic-ingestion-data*.\r \r **This is the tree used in most of the analyses.**\r \r Trees come from Claramunt et al 2025: BBtree3. Available from: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evolucionario/BigBirdTree""" ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "seabird-tree-plastic-2026" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 17969.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Full details are available in the Supplementary Material of the paper.\r \r In brief, for each relevant publication in **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data** we extracted information on the age class of sampled birds, sample size of birds, year(s) in which sampling was conducted, sampling method (bolus, brushing, lavage, necropsy, regurgitation or scat) and ocean basin (Arctic, Indian, North Atlantic, North Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific, or Southern oceans). \r \r We categorised the reported age class of sampled individuals as ‘adult’, ‘subadult’, ‘adult/subadult’, ‘nest-bound’ (i.e., chicks or fledglings), and ‘mixed’. If birds were collected at sea and age class was not reported, sampled birds were categorised as ‘adult/subadult’ because they were not nest-bound. When multiple age classes were pooled (e.g., chicks and adults) or when age class could not be discerned, we categorised age class as ‘mixed’. \r \r Data from each source was divided to ensure separate sampling units for each combination of source, year, site, species, age class, and sampling method, depending on how much detail on data collection was provided in the paper. Literature that failed to report sample sizes of birds examined for plastic ingestion and/or sample sizes of birds found with plastic was not included in the dataset. Duplicate data from secondary research was removed as long as they were specified as such by the authors.\r \r Column contents are as follows.\r \r * **HBWv8.1_Binomial**. Species name matched to Handbook of Birds of the World v8.1 taxonomy. Note that the data cleaning steps prior to the analyses update these to the Clements et al 2025 taxonomy.\r * **UniqueID_Plastic.study**. A unique ID for the combination of source*year*site*species*ageclass. This number is not linked to the Source.\r * **Source**. Source name in the form Author et al, YEAR. This matches the Source column in **01_sources-for-plastic-ingestion-data** . \r * **Common.name_Plastic.study**. Common name of the species as stated in the source. \r * **Sci.name_Plastic.study**. Scientific name of the species as stated in the source. \r * **Site**. Study site name, as per the Source. Include Country. \r * **lat**. Latitude (DMS) of study site.\r * **lon**. Longitude (DMS) of study site. \r * **MarineRegion**. Ocean basin of site. Options are Arctic, Indian, North Atlantic, North Pacific, South Atlantic, South Pacific, or Southern oceans.\r * **Age.Class**. Age class of sampled birds. Options are adult, subadult, adult/subadult, nest-bound (i.e., chicks or fledglings), or mixed. If birds were collected at sea and age class was not reported, sampled birds were categorised as adult/subadult because they were not nest-bound. When multiple age classes were pooled (e.g., chicks and adults) or when age class could not be discerned, we categorised age class as mixed.\r * **Date_Text**. Date as text. If relevant this was the range of dates the study covered.\r * **Date_FirstYR**. First year the study covered. \r * **Date_LastYR**. Last year the study covered. \r * **Date_MedianYR**. Median year the study covered. \r * **Study.Duration** . Study duration in years.\r * **n**. Number of birds sampled. \r * **n_plastic**. Number of sampled birds that had ingested at least one piece of plastic. \r * **FO**. Frequency of occurrence of plastic. This is calculated as *n_plastic / n*. \r * **Plastic**. Did any of the sampled birds ingest at least one piece of plastic? Yes/No. \r * **Sampling_method**. Primary way that plastic samples were obtained. Options are bolus, brushing, lavage, necropsy, regurgitation or scat.\r * **Added_by**. Data curator who added the data. Primarily Steph Avery-Gomm (SA-G), Nia Potapova (NP) or Chrissie Potter (CP). \r * **Comments**. Any comments, queries or notes made by the data curators. """ ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "02_plastic-ingestion-data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 539394.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This is a family-level pruned tree matched to the seabird list from Clements 2025 taxonomy. \r \r Pruned tree from Claramunt et al 2025: BBtree3 at family-level\r \r Available from: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evolucionario/BigBirdTree""" ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "family-tree-2026.nex" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1089.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "These are the data used to create the labels." ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Specimen Tray Label Data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 274946.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Specimen Tray Labels" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 354047.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This table indicates which box the individual specimen tray labels have been stored in. It also include notes indicating labels that were not allocated and suggested updates for the data" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Specimen Tray Locations" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 129061.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "An inventory of the Sloane Herbarium, including details of people and places listed in Dandy (1958)" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Inventory of the Sloane Herbarium.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 9540048.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Description of each of the fields used in the dataset" ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Data description and change log.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 103391.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "About the database" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sloane Herbarium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Plymouth University Microfossil Collection.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 33892.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Conodont collection database" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "An Excel file detailing the contents on the Natural History Museum Conodont Collection including: a list of discrete collections, a list of publications referencing the collection, a drawer level description for 5 cabinets and statistics on visitor days and publication records from 1963-2023." ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "The Natural History Museum Conodont Collection" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 277413.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "About the Database" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "About George Clifford" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Bibliography and Acknowledements" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "About the Clifford Herbarium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Clifford Herbarium Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Linnaeus and Hortus Cliffortianus" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Psylloidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Psylloidea slide collection specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Catalogue records for Hans Sloane's vegetable and vegetable substances that survive in the botanical collections at the Natural History Museum." ; dc1:title "Hans Sloane's Vegetables and Vegetable Substances" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A description of the datasets and details of changes made." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Data description and change log" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 134230.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A transcription of Hans Sloane's three-volume catalogue to his Collection of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances. File updated 17 June 2024" ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Transcription of Hans Sloane's Catalogue of Vegetables and Vegetable Substances.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1123603.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Castniidae specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Castniidae specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Lichen specimens sampled for the Fungarium Sequencing Project at the Natural History Museum" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Aleyrodoidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Aleyrodoidea slide collection specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "The data set represents seed plants material stored in fluids, where several specimens have corresponding herbarium sheets in the General herbarium. The collections have been recently recurated with 70% IMS and are arranged jar-size wise. Although the collection is small with just over three thousand specimens, it is an important collection representing biodiversity around the world with some type specimens collected by several collectors spanning a time scale dating back to early 18th century. Those wishing to research and physically examine these collections are welcome to book an appointment with the curation team. " ; dc1:title "Seed plants fluid collections at the Natural History Museum" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This Index to the collections is arranged as per family alphabetically. One can locate the collections taxa wise and looking at the cabinet/shelf/tray number on the right hand side of the table. Taxa names as recorded originally have been checked for current taxonomy and where names have changed, they are reflected in new determination. Country, locality details, habitat notes, plant description, name of the collector (s) followed by collection number, collection date and registration numbers (barcode numbers) of the specimens databased have also been given. Several specimens have corresponding herbarium sheets in the General Herbarium. Type specimens are highlighted in red. " ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Index to the seed plants fluid collection.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 646527.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "MP4" ; dc1:title "Fig. S6 Retihornera corbicula CT-scan.mp4" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 30517080.0 ; dcat:mediaType "video/mp4" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Concatenated four gene alignment of partial 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, cox1 and cytb." ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "Concatenated four-gene alignment" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 157315.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "The Seaweed Breakthrough" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1953590.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Y86720.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 144275.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Y86789.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 144306.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "B7904.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 144308.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This data contains the georeferenced locations of the Botanical TYPES held at the Natural History Museum that have been collected in Australia. Each location Lat and Long has been carefully georeferenced, using label information from the specimen, and collector research. All sources of information have been noted in the notes. The data can be downloaded and imported to ArcGIS Pro or Google Earth and shows the spatial location of NHM Botanical TYPES specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London." ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "NHM Botanical Type Georeferenced for China" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1021994.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the “British and Irish Agromyzidae (Diptera)” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "“British and Irish Agromyzidae (Diptera)” specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Chrysopidae Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Chrysopidae Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "LOG" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER logfile outgroups (E)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1127458.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1C)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1549687.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "LOG" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER logfile ingroup (A)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1061048.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1E)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1089004.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XML" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER input file ingroup (Fig. 2, Fig. S1A)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1418348.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/xml" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "Supporting information " ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1100298.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "VCF" ; dc1:title "Clade IV PCA file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 53777187.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/vcard" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "STRU" ; dc1:title "Clade II STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 759539.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PHY" ; dc1:title "RAxML concatenated alignment" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 17753459.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "R" ; dc1:title "R commands for analyses and figures" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 96434.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sceloporus morphology data (population comparisons)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 5479.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "R" ; dc1:title "Mexico map data used to make Fig. 1" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 336684.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XML" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1C)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1581785.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/xml" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "LOG" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER logfile outgroups (C)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1175569.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "STRU" ; dc1:title "Clade I STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3643455.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sceloporus comparison data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3247.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER trees file ingroup (Fig. 2, Fig. S1A)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1006829.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sceloporus climate data (population comparisons)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2989.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TRE" ; dc1:title "RelTime dated tree" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 5904.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "GZ" ; dc1:title "TreeMix input file" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 7263.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "VCF" ; dc1:title "Clade III PCA file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 31234916.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/vcard" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sceloporus locality data (Fig. 1)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 8963.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "LOG" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER logfile outgroups (B)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2158551.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sceloporus morphology data (clade comparisons)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2767.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Sceloporus climate data (clade comparisons)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2099.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1D)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1456638.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "LOG" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER logfile outgroups (D)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1116759.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XML" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1B)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1477188.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/xml" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "VCF" ; dc1:title "Clade II PCA file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 20278113.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/vcard" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "STRU" ; dc1:title "Clade IV STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3828125.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XML" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1D)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1640133.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/xml" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XML" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER input file outgroups (Fig. S1E)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2181957.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/xml" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "STRU" ; dc1:title "Clade III STRUCTURE file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1777129.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TRE" ; dc1:title "RAxML concatenated ML tree" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 10219.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "NEX" ; dc1:title "SNAPPER trees file outgroups (Fig. S1B)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2084767.0 . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "VCF" ; dc1:title "Clade I PCA file (Species delimitation)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 37657678.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/vcard" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "GM_ChallengerM306_Test_.raw" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1066286555.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/sla" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Summary Stats Echinoid Collection.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 13363.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Summary Stats Echinoid Collection.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 13363.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Koenig's specimen from Miocene of Malta. " ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Echuinodiscus sabrotundus" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Sir Hans Sloane accumulated a large number of fossilised remains of animals and plants throughout his life. His collection, including a big variety of curiosities from around the known world, was acquired by the British Government in 1753 as part of his bequest to the nation. It formed the core of the fossil collection of the Department of Natural History in the British Museum and is today in the Department of Palaeontology of the Natural History Museum, London. The surviving fossil collection of Sir Hans Sloane: Estimating the original size of Sloane’s fossil collection is an arduous task. Indeed, in his time, the term fossil was often applied to any object found on or in the ground, while the origin and nature of fossils as we now know them was still being debated. As a result, the fossils in the Sloane Collection are found listed indiscriminately among other natural history specimens or minerals in most volumes of Sloane’s manuscript catalogues, encompassing ‘precious stones’, ‘vegetables’, ‘shells’ and more eclectic lists such as ‘Flint, fossils, &’. It has been estimated that the Sloane Collection contained at least 15,250 geological specimens, including 4,000 fossil vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. The acquisition of new collections by the British Museum led to the accumulation of duplicates, and the Museum disposed, through auction, of several thousands of geological specimens at the beginning of the 19th century, many of which belonged to the Sloane Collection. At the same time, a quantity of material judged to be of no scientific interest was thrown away. Disposal associated with the loss of provenance data for many specimens dramatically reduced the number of recognizable Sloane fossils. In July 1889, Charles Davies Sherborn compiled an inventory of the recognizable remnants of Sloane’s fossil collection, annotating Sloane’s original catalogue as he did so. He listed ‘two fossil vegetables, eighty-four invertebrate fossils and ten vertebrate remains’, figures which, to a certain extent, were repeated in the History of the Collections of the Natural History Department of the British Museum (1903). A recent survey has recognized approximately 150 specimens of fossils from the Sloane Collection, either in the Palaeontology or Mineralogy department at the Natural History Museum. Sloane and fossils: Throughout his life, Sloane communicated extensively with British and continental European naturalists, through letters and publications. As shown in several letters published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, famous naturalists such as Edward Lhuyd or the Reverend John Morton submitted to him some of their discoveries and interpretations of fossils. Some, especially Morton, donated large numbers of specimens to Sloane, contributing significantly to the expansion of his collection. As mentioned above, many of Sloane’s fossils, including some that survive, were figured in major published works. Sloane’s knowledge of the published literature on fossils was extensive, as shown by the innumerable references in his catalogues to figures, plates and descriptions from most of the major works on fossils. Sloane himself rarely published about his fossils, and never clearly stated his views concerning their nature or origins; he seems to have been more interested by the specimens themselves than the theories that might emerge from their interpretation. Nevertheless, it seems quite clear from the way he listed his fossils together with his other natural history specimens that he regarded most of his fossils as petrified remains of once living animals and plants. Exceptions include fossil sharks’ teeth and belemnites. The former were often referred to as ‘glossopetra’ (tongue stones) in Sloane’s catalogues, alluding to the belief that these fossils were interpreted as serpents’ tongues petrified by Saint Paul after his shipwreck on Malta. Sloane also followed the common belief of his time that belemnites, which we now know to be the fossilized internal shells of extinct squid-like animals, were inorganic minerals. One of the very few works to be published by Sloane on his fossils in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society gives us a very interesting insight into Sloane’s understanding of fossils. In 1695, he described and figured, the tooth of a fossil ray (Fig.1), found in Maryland and shown to him by Dr Tancred Robinson. Displaying a remarkable knowledge of comparative anatomy, he recognised in this small, unattractive specimen a portion of the dentition of a ray-shark very similar to those he had seen alive in Jamaica. In a very modern approach, he figured this tooth, alongside other similar fossils found in England and similar teeth of extant rays (Fig.2). Historical and scientific significance of the surviving Sloane Collection fossils Some specimens are of notable historical or scientific value. For example, a fossil sea urchin is said to have originated from the collection of Agostino Scilla. This Italian painter (10 August 1629 – 31 May 1700) was one of the first to have discussed and interpreted correctly the origin of fossils in his La vana speculazione disingannata dal senso (\"Vain Speculation Undeceived by Sense\", 1670). Another specimen, a large third molar of a Siberian mammoth, was bought by Sloane in 1737 from Johan van Segvelt. The catalogue of the auction mentions that this tooth came from the cabinet of curiosities of Dominic Witsen (1641-1717), a Dutch diplomat who developed significant trading relationships with Russia. This mammoth tooth, probably bought by Witsen himself or sent to him by Russian contacts, is therefore one of the very first Siberian mammoth teeth ever to have reached Europe. Interestingly, the tooth appears not to belong to the woolly mammoth species, Mammuthus primigenius, commonly found throughout Siberia, but rather to Mammuthus trongotherii, a slightly older species with a more localized distribution in Siberia. Knowing the exact provenance of this specimen would be of great interest palaeontologists studying the evolution and migration of mammoths during the Quaternary. Finally, two other specimens from the Sloane Collection, a tortoise shell from Turkey and a fragment of coral from Wiltshire, were subsequently chosen as the holotypes for two new species, respectively Testudo sloanei Lydekker, 1889 and Ebrayia dightonthomasi Roniewicz, 1970." ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Sir Hans Sloane (16 April 1660 -11 January 1753) Collection of the NHM" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "The collection of Thomas Pennant (1726-1798), an 18th century zoologist, antiquarian and correspondent of Gilbert White, which was donated in 1912 by the Earl of Denbigh, comprises about 1000 specimens. Some of which were described in Pennant’s manuscript Reliquiae Diluviannae, or Catalogue of such bodies as were deposited in the Earth by the Deluge. This collection has fossil invertebrates and vertebrates and with the Sloane and Konig collections from the core collections of the NHM. Specimens in these collections are an invaluable resource for historical research and are the founding core of the British Museum and later The Natural History Museum. They mark the progress of early palaeontological exploration." ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Thomas Pennant (1726-1798) Collection of the NHM" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "The collection of Carl Dietrich Eberhard König (1774-1851), first Keeper of the Department of Natural History and Modern Curiosities, numbers about 60 specimens, described in Icones fossilium sectiles (1825)." ; dc1:format "TIFF" ; dc1:title "Carl Dietrich Eberhard König (1774-1851) Collection of the NHM" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """The mammoth tooth is one of the first remains of a mammoth ever collected in Siberia. In the seventeenth century, Europeans started to explore Siberia, discovering mammoths and initiating research on these giant extinct mammals. The first frozen mammoth sent to Europe was found by Dr Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685–1735), a German physician, naturalist and geographer appointed by Tsar Peter the Great in 1718 to explore Siberia in a campaign that lasted from 1722 until 1728. Some of the specimens collected by Messerschmidt were published by the German botanist, palaeontologist and entomologist, Johann Philipp Breyne (1680–1764). It seems that a mammoth molar now in the collections of the NHM had been figured and described by Breyne in his Observations on the Mammoth’s bones and teeth found in Siberia in 1737. This specimen, now in two pieces, matches with Breyne’s description. It has a weight of 8 lbs 3 ozs and is 6 inches long and 3 inches thick, as Breyne stated. Sloane’s catalogue records it in this way: “Dens molaris petrificarus animalis Mammalodicti in siberis sub terra repertus, ex armentario Domini Witsen. Segvelt p.37 Theca 17 nr 15”. Sloane evidently bought it at an auction from Johan van Segvelt (d. 1737), Director of the Dutch West India Company. According to the auction catalogue, Segvelt obtained it from the cabinet of curiosities of Nicholaes Corneliszoon Witsen (1641–1717), a Dutch traveller, geographer, maritime writer and diplomat, who collected numerous objects, including some during his travels to Russia in 1664 and 1665. He first introduced the name mammoth to Western Europe in 1694. He wrote: “By the inlanders these teeth are called mammouttekoos, while the animal itself is called mamout” (kost is the Russian word for bone). Witsen was also probably the first person to study frozen mammoth flesh - he wrote in his work of 1695, Noord en Oost Tartarye, that he saw the dark brown, smelly remains of an immense Siberian creature called the mammout. While Sloane was correct in recognising the mammoth remains as coming from a relative of modern elephants, he assumed that Siberia once had a tropical climate and its elephants disappeared during the Biblical Flood. Regardless of the source of the mammoth molar from either Messerschmidt or Witsen, this specimen is one of the first mammoth teeth from Siberia to have reached Europe. The number of plates in the tooth indicates that it belongs to Mammuthus primigenius, a woollen mammoth species that is rare in Siberia. Therefore, the specimen is of considerable scientific as well as historical significance.\r """ ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Mammuthus trogontherii" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Specimen from India donated by Thomas Pennant. " ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Macrophthalnus latreillei" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Description of the fields found in [JtD collection-level records](https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/join-the-dots-collection-level-descriptions/resource/660de433-447b-40ad-9aaf-77c98f8c2ba9)" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Data dictionary" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 5868.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Collection-level records describing the holdings of the Natural History Museum as of April 2026. See the dataset description and the other resources in this repository for more detail on navigating and interpreting this data:\r \r - [Data dictionary](https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/join-the-dots-collection-level-descriptions/resource/09b2f07b-9e77-44b7-8645-ddcba1266629)\r - [Join the Dots user manual](https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/join-the-dots-collection-level-descriptions/resource/6920d9c9-6ea4-415c-95c8-54512a70346c)\r """ ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "JtD collection-level records" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 900591.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Documentation produced for NHM staff in 2018: a thorough overview of the Join the Dots data, processes and rationale. Some elements of the JtD framework have been amended slightly since this document was assembled, but it remains a useful reference for navigating the collection-level dataset presented in this package. " ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Join the Dots User Manual" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 8108818.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20241114a Simplified Copy.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 38047983.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Guide to using the Nameserver" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20240614a Simplified Copy.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 37769769.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This contains the large BSBI flowering plants update" ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20250703a Simplified Copy.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 43543258.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "An easy-to-use copy of the UKSI in XLSX format " ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20260811a Simplified Copy.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 38712566.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20221111a Simplified Copy.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 36469277.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK C.1920.12.31.1\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/69947b29-5d22-47ae-8703-245d1b7642a0\r \r **Decription**: _Balaenoptera edeni_ -- Balaenopteridae; Cetacea; Mammalia, female\r """ ; dc1:title "Bryde's whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK ZD.2007.100\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/fc5f2fd6-b92f-464e-92e3-0a095bf6f790\r \r **Decription**: _Physeter macrocephalus_ -- Physeteridae;""" ; dc1:title "Sperm whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK C.1934.5.25.1\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/106cdf7b-7545-4e4e-aa8d-6ec2300e48fc\r \r **Decription**: _Balaenoptera borealis_ -- Balaenopteridae; Cetacea; Mammalia""" ; dc1:title "Sei whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK 1873.3.3.1\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/357d83dc-7861-4ee9-a8f6-77aa3c3ae6e7\r \r **Decription**: _Eubalaena australis_ -- Balaenidae; Cetacea; Mammalia""" ; dc1:title "Southern right whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK 1876.2.16.1\r \r **Specimen link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/bb92fdad-975e-42c3-9837-0301466f15de\r \r **Description**: _Caperea marginata_ -- Neobalaenidae;\r """ ; dc1:title "Pygmy right whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK 1915.7.20.1\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/65a406e1-bc62-45bc-a0fb-dea543e4e2d9\r \r **Decription**: _Ziphius cavirostris_ -- Ziphiidae""" ; dc1:title "Cuvier's beaked whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK 1862.7.18.1\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/cac65e48-4615-43c1-915d-d5a572fc5260\r \r **Decription**: _Balaenoptera physalus_ -- Balaenopteridae;""" ; dc1:title "Fin whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK ZD 1992.42\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/640cd2d8-ae5e-405d-9713-ab7a023414ca\r \r **Decription**: _Hyperoodon ampullatus_ -- Ziphiidae; Cetacea; Mammalia, male""" ; dc1:title "Northern bottlenose whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK 1986.116\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/0b44593f-7375-4148-90c4-f9d9883e823d\r \r **Decription**: _Balaena mysticetus_ -- Balaenidae, Cetacea; Mammalia\r \r \r """ ; dc1:title "Bowhead whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK 1965.11.2.1\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/9461141d-2261-419c-a0e3-9b1784711b05\r \r **Decription**: _Balaenoptera acutrostrata_ -- Balaenopteridae;""" ; dc1:title "Minke whale cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Charophytes of Britain and Ireland" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "EarthwormWatchParticipants.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 138032.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Browse collection titles or search by donor, collector, taxonomy, stratigraphic location or country of origin." ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Fossil and recent ostracod collections" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A copy sent to update iRecord" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20260820a Master Copy for iRecord.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 118597773.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A zipped Access file" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20231212a Live DB cut-down.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 115515436.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A zipped Access file" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "UKSI 20240613a Live DB cut-down.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 116167715.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Technical overview of the UK Species Inventory" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Micropalaeontology citations and visitors" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A dataset to support the figures in a publication in Revue de Micropaleontologie on the Natural History Museum Microfossil Collection. Data derived mainly from annotations in museum specimen registers and museum visitor books to the Foraminifera and fossil Ostracoda collections . These have been added to with more recent citations for collections yet to be fully digitised." ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Micropalaeontology collections citation and visitor data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 308524.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A dataset listing items in Sir John Murray's HMS Challenger Ocean Sediment Collection to accompany a paper Miller, C. Giles and Jouet-Sarkany, Monique M. H. 2025. Sir John Murray’s H.M.S. Challenger Sedimentary Deposits Collection at the Natural History Museum, London. Preprint available: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644325v1 and contains descriptions of column headers." ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Sir John Murray's Challenger Sediment Collection" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 440153.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "csv files of country, subregion, region and global-level averages of annual land use amounts (primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, cropland, pasture and urban) (2001-2012)" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "landuse_AnnualAverages.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 229450.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "csv files of country, subregion, region and global-level averages of annual BII (2001-2012)" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "BII_AnnualAverages.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 48390.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Summary table of annual averages of primary amount for each country, subregion and region." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Primary_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 391371.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Summary table of annual averages of urban amount for each country, subregion and region." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Urban_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 388020.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Summary table of annual averages of cropland amount for each country, subregion and region." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Cropland_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 399101.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Summary table of annual averages of secondary vegetation amount for each country, subregion and region." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Secondary_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 398642.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Summary table of annual averages of BII for each country, subregion and region." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "BII_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 398698.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Summary table of annual averages of pasture amount for each country, subregion and region." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Pasture_CountrySubregionRegion_Summary.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 399000.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "JW Murray publications with associated samples now housed at the NHM" ; dc1:format "XLS" ; dc1:title "Samples and publications.xls" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 91648.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.ms-excel" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLS" ; dc1:title "Summary of JW Murray samples" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 20144.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Index of john Murray's type slides now housed at the NHM" ; dc1:format "XLS" ; dc1:title "Index of species on Typeslides.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 73976.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Data tables for living foraminifera studies by John Murray and colleagues" ; dc1:format "XLS" ; dc1:title "Data tables for living F.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 864099.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Clayton Herbarium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Notes on the database, and how to use it." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "About the database" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "About the database" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Bibliography" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Hermann Herbarium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "About Paul Hermann" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "The specimens collected by Samuel Browne" ; dc1:title "The Samuel Browne Herbarium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "MarkMyBird_manifest.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 613264.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Herbarium specimens in the General Herbarium at the Natural History Museum collected by Alexander Anderson (1748 – 1811)." ; dc1:title "Herbarium specimens collected by Alexander Anderson" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "segmenter_training_data.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 11445855693.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "AI v. Human Testing Data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 278715359.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "classifier training data" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 626637087.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Deployment.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 8289600163.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A list of research publications by Dr John E. Whittaker covering his work as a Micropalaeontolgist at the Natural History Museum and subsequent to his retirement." ; dc1:format "DOCX" ; dc1:title "PUBLICATIONS_OF_J_E_WHITTAKER_22Apr25.docx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 68120.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Arabic and Persian plant names in the Codex Vindobonensis.\r \r Comments on Persian names referenced from Persian-English Dictionary by F.Steingass, 1892.\r \r Comments on Greek names referenced from Greek-English Lexicon, H D Liddell and R Scott, 7th Edition 1883.\r \r """ ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Arabic and Persian plant names in the Codex Vindobonensis" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 85832.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Screen shots of internally available Power BI dashboard. These cover statistics for the entire collection and have not been filtered. Filtering functionality allows to display results at any level from the entire museum to individual Collection Unit." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Screen shots of internally available Power BI dashboard" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 444729.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Data for numbers of Items, Collection Units and Reporting Count, broken down by section." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "sectional_summary_for_paper_2021-04-30.pdf" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 109521.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A manual authored by Scott Wilson to aid creation and scoring of individual Collections Units as part of the Join the Dots collections assessment exercise." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Join the Dots Collections Assessment Exercise Manual" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 7665372.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "A document formulated to help define Collections Units within the Join the Dots collections assessment exercise at the Natural History Museum." ; dc1:format "DOCX" ; dc1:title "Collection Unit Definition and Guidlines" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 58690.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Look-up lists for Item Type and Preservation Method used in the 2018 survey. Please note that these were not published in the original paper as current work external to the museum as part of the Collection Descriptions work led by TDWG means that these are likely to need updating." ; dc1:format "TXT" ; dc1:title "jtd_itemtype_preservationmethod.txt" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 6982.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/plain" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "An illustrated listing of some common cabinet types in the Natural History Museum collection, with suggested scores as part of the Condition - Storage Equipment question for the \"Join the Dots\" collections assessment exercise at the Natural History Museum." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Cabinetry Scoring Document" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 36624556.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "An Excel file created to aid scoring of individual Collections Units as part of the \"Join The Dots\" collections exercise. Currently this contains example data from the 2016 pilot exercise." ; dc1:format "MACRO-ENABLED EXCEL SPREADSHEET" ; dc1:title "Join the Dots Scoring Tool" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1993196.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.ms-excel.sheet.macroEnabled.12" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Trait data form all sources" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "combined.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 17279412.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Trait data extracted from Flora of Pakistan descriptions" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "efloras.flora_of_pakistan.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1017449.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "World Flora Online Angiosperm species" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "wfo-angiosperms.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 27050235.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Trait data extracted from Ecoflora descriptions" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "ecoflora.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 524901.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Trait data extracted from Flora of China descriptions" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "efloras.flora_of_china.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 7360995.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Trait data extracted from BHL descriptions" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "bhl.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 28548194.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Trait data extracted from Flora of North America descriptions" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "efloras.flora_of_north_america.csv" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3050335.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the iCollections specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "\"iCollections\" specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the iCollections: British and Irish Pyraloidea (Moths) Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "\"iCollections: British and Irish Pyraloidea (Moths) Collection\" specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """###Table S3, S4, S5. \r \r Relative abundance of planktonic foraminifera species in the historical samples M.192, M.8780, M.5246, M.408, M.3787, M.4080, M.7487, M.284 and M.25 (see Table 1 in the [published article] (https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00517)) and their corresponding neighbouring samples in the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum reference datasets. \r \r Species not shown had 0\\% abundance in all samples. Local sedimentation rate is given by the LGM datasets (see Methods) and expressed in centimetres per thousand of years.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "si_table_raw_counts" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Code in R programming language used to generate the figures and the analyses. " ; dc1:title "code" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """### Table S1. \r \r Planktonic foraminifera species counts of the nine historical samples (see Table 1 in the [published article] (https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00517)).\r \r IRN (OBD) stands for the internal registration number of the Ocean-Bottom Deposits collection at the Natural History Museum in London. Individuals were identified to the species level by M. Rillo and M. Kucera together.""" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "si_table_rel_abund" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This is a .xlsx version of Table S4 of the Supplementary Material supporting Griffiths et al. (2025). It contains data collected from 213 Hoplopteryx spp. specimens. \r \r Notes:\r Abbreviations in the table are as follows:\r \r SL = Standard Length, TL = Trunk Length, HL = Head Length, HH = Head Height, JL = Jaw Length, OD = Orbit Diameter, VW = Vertebrae Width. \r \r BGS = British Geological Survey (Keyworth, UK), CSM = Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences (Cambridge, UK), GMZ = Grant Museum of Zoology (London, UK) NHMUK = Natural History Museum (London, UK). \r \r Estimated SL are in bold. Italicised SL are the mean of two measurements. \r """ ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Griffiths et al. (2025) Table S4" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 29023.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Supplementary figures and tables to support Griffiths et al. (2025)" ; dc1:title "Supplementary Figures and Tables" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 865547.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Drepanidae Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Drepanidae Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the British and Irish 'larger' micro moth specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "British and Irish 'larger' micro moth specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """A csv file of all specimens examined for the monograph of Lycianthes in tropical Asia. \r \r Column headings are designed to be self explanatory. """ ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Specimens of Lycianthes from tropical Asia" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1202923.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """A csv file of all collections seen of Lycianthes (Solanaceae) species native outside of the Americas (Asia, New Guinea and the Pacific). This comprises all species treated in PhytoKeys 209 and xxx. \r \r Column headings are designed to be self explanatory. """ ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Collection events for Lycianthes native outside the Americas" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 542039.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Data mobilisation for IUCN conservation assessments of global freshwater bioindicators specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Label regarding Cephalaspis lyelli Agassiz" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "In 1863 and 1868 Lyell presented some specimens of a very rare giant beaver (Trogontherium cuvieri), from the Cromer Forest Bed and Norwich Crag that were subsequently described by Richard Owen (1804-1892) (1846: p. 186 mandibular ramus [NHMUK PV OR 40978] and p. 191 distal femur [NHMUK PV OR 40979] in British Fossil Mammals." ; dc1:format "TIFF" ; dc1:title "Trogontherium cuvier" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "The last acquisition of Lyell’s specimens came in 1980 donated by Lady Lyell, Sophie Mary Lyell, who gave a shark tooth, Carcharodon angustidens, Agassiz, 1843 (specimen with the registration number NHMUK PV P 60903). " ; dc1:format "TIFF" ; dc1:title "shark tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "TIFF" ; dc1:title "Trogontherium cuvier" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "These fossils found between layers of volcanic ash and lava near Las Palmas on the island of Gran Canaria were used by Charles Lyell to prove that the volcano had ancient origins. He demonstrated that the volcano had formed gradually over a long period as many of these species of bryozoans, tiny aquatic creatures, are now extinct. This also gave weight to the theory that geological processes observable today provide the key to understanding events in the past." ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Metrarabdotos specimens from Canaries" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Lyell collected Dictyopyge macrurus (Redfield, 1841) and Philip de Grey Egerton (1806- 1881) described it from the Upper Triassic of Blackstone Mines, Virginia (QJGS, 1847, 3: 261-280). As Lyell figured the specimen in the same paper, it was considered the holotype (Brough, 1931: p. 270). 66 years after this publication the Keeper of Geology at that time at the NHM, Arthur Smith Woodward asked for the type specimen of this species to Leonard Lyell just in case it was left in Kinnordy. Leonard Lyell found one blackleaded specimen of Dictyopyge macrurus that was still in the house making the function of doorstop in the kitchen for more than 66 years! This specimen was cleaned and incorporated in the NHM fossil collections. Currently the lectotype of this species is a specimen (YPM 3207) collected also by William C. Redfield (1789-1857) prior to 1841 from a coal mine in Chesterfield County, Virginia (USA) and kept at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, in New Haven, Connecticut (USA) (Schaeffer & McDonald, 1978: p. 144)." ; dc1:format "TIFF" ; dc1:title "Dictyopyge macrurus (Redfield)" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Letter written by Sir Charles Lyell regarding the bryozoans collected in Canaries" ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Lyell letter" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Waterhouse Times Magazine article on Lyell Project" ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Waterhouse Times Magazine" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "One of the most important Lyell’s specimens is the lectotype of Cephalaspis lyelli Agassiz, 1835 (NHMUK PV OR 20087) from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Glammis, Forfar (Scotland) that was donated by to the NHM by Lyell in 1846. This one was described and figured by his friend Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807-1873) in his book Recherches sur les poisons fossils in 1835 (p. 135) and the figures in 1837 (pl. la, Fig. 2). It was on display for the Geological Society and currently is part of the fossil fish collections at the NHM. This almost complete animal in part (the counterpart, also at the NHM, with the registration number NHMUK PV P 3233, belonged to the collection of William Cole, 3rd Earl of Enniskillen [1807-1886]) was described by Agassiz (1835) with four other more specimens from various localities of Scotland and England. Later Edwin Ray Lankester (1847-1929) in 1870 erected two new species for three of those four specimens: Cephalaspis powriei Lankester, 1870 (now Janaspis powrieri [Lankester, 1870]) and Cephalaspis agassizi Lankester, 1870; and chose the most complete specimen of Cephalaspis lyelli Agassiz, 1835 as lectotype (NHMUK PV OR 20087). Currently this species that lived from Silurian to Devonian times (443-358 Ma) is the only one species referred to the genus Cephalaspis Agassiz, 1835." ; dc1:format "JPEG" ; dc1:title "Cephalaspis lyelli Agassiz" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Lutzomyia types" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Metadata about 6753 Bombus hortorum, B.hypnorum, B.lapidarius, B.muscorum, B.pascuorum, B.ruderatus and B.sylvarum specimens for the Bee Land-use Change Project." ; dc1:title "Bee Land-use Change Project Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This document outlines the data and processes used for The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by the Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1. This document is available for non-commercial uses under a CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this document, you agree to be bound by these terms.\r \r © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.""" ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) developed by the Natural History Museum: Methodology, v2.1.1" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 795219.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the “Thysanoptera Slide Collection” specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Ceratopogonidae Slide Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "All the images featured in the mentioned work are inside the folder “Images”. All the images display the name of the species and the museum number. Images are recorded in lossless TIFF format and include a 10 mm scale bar for the whole specimens and a 5 cm scale bar for the polished blocks." ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "Images of specimens" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 246060237.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Specimen and tissue region with the different chemical analysis done. For EDS whole maps of the dental plates/teeth are marked with an X. Reports the number of measurement points per tissue/specimen are shown for X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis" ; dc1:format "DOCX" ; dc1:title "Table S1" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 28414.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Folder ‘Raman files’ contains individual folders for raw and processed Raman spectra for specimen Harriota raleighana. Raw data is recorded in TXT format, processed data in CSV format. Processed data was treated by the following: 1) cosmic ray removal, 2) background subtraction, 3) normalisation, 4) automatic peak detection. For maps & line scans that consist of more than 1 measurement, positional (x,y) data is recorded in raw data files." ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "Raman files" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 7774821.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Folder “XRD files” contains individual folders for each specimen studied with the raw X-ray diffractograms, recorded in ASCII format using the Highscore program (Malvern Panalytical). The PDF generated with the spectra, the peak list and the reference material for each specimen is included in each folder." ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "XRD files" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2012449.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "DOCX" ; dc1:title "README.docx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 20189.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Agilent data file of GCMS data from bespoke specimen enclosure." ; dc1:format "D" ; dc1:title "20250716_05.D.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 6993742.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Link to the Lincolnshire Plants project collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset.\r \r """ ; dc1:title "Lincolnshire Plants: Past and Future - specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "A guide to using the Lincolnshire Plants: Past and Future dataset on the Natural History Museum Data Portal" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2395141.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Coccoidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Coccoidea Slide Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Coccoidea slide collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Coccoidea Slide Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This dataset provides an overview of the bound volumes and exsiccatae preserved in the botanical collections of the Natural History Museum. For each of the 1320 items accounted for, the title and compiler are provided, together with their Natural History Museum registration number and details of the subdepartment to which they belong and the curator responsible and to whom enquiries should be addressed. \r \r The Museum’s bound volumes and exsiccatae are held in seven of the botanical subdepartments, six of which have a taxonomic and or geographical focus: Algae, Bryophytes, Lichens and Slime Moulds, Pteridophytes, British and Irish Seed Plants, General Herbarium (i.e. Rest of the World Seed Plants). The other subdepartment is ‘Historical Collections’. This comprises items that are, for the most part, pre-Linnean (although with some exceptions) and among the specimens preserved within the volumes in this subdepartment are representatives of all groups traditionally preserved in herbaria, together with some zoological and entomological specimens.\r \r The use of bound volumes as a method for the preservation of botanical specimens has a long history. The de facto foundation collection of the Natural History Museum’s herbarium is the herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), and it comprises 263 volumes that are enumerated in this dataset. The oldest specimens in the collection, collected around lake Constance by J. Spiegler and dating from 1603, are similarly bound into one of the volumes accounted for here (BM013862141). The bound volumes included in this dataset represent over four hundred years of botanical collecting and span the 17th to 20th centuries. \r \r Exsiccatae are sets of dried plant specimens distributed by a collector and typically accompanied by printed labels. They were often used as standards for comparison. For the most part, the exsiccatae described here are bound in volumes although some are on loose folios that are preserved as sets. Later exsiccatae were often distributed as loose specimens so that they could be more easily incorporated into collections as is the case with the Natural History Museum herbarium. These exsiccatae are not described here; only those exsiccatae that have been maintained as distinct sets are listed.\r \r Wherever possible, the titles of exsiccatae follow those given in IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae (http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de/).""" ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Bound Volumes and Exsiccatae in the Botanical Collections" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 79396.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "An initial listing of UK Silurian assemblage slides from the collection of Prof. Richard J. Aldridge formerly of the University of Leicester. The file synthesises data from the slides themselves and several unpublished documents relating to details of the collection site, a listing of the samples taken, lithological descriptions along with details of sample weights and yields. The collection underpins type and figured specimens already donated to the Natural History Museum and is a major resource for anyone wishing to study British Silurian conodonts." ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "4PUBLICATION_MASTER_MONOGRAPH_CONODONTS_R_Aldridge.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 143834.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This is a ZIP file containing five CSVs: documents_view, observations_matrix, questions_view, samples_view.\r *__Documents_view__: A list of the image files that show survey locations and their associated sample ID and file name.\r *__Observations_matrix__: the number of observations per survey (sample_ID).\r *__Questions_view__: Contains the name of the survey location.\r *__Samples_view__: For each quadrat (sample) surveyed, there is the following information: sample_start_datetime, sample_end_datetime, submission_datetime, first_name last_name, sample_observers_number, sample_location_latitude, sample_location_longitude, sample_location_region, verification_completion_status\r *__Taxon_view__*: Contains the sample IDs for each individual quadrat, along when the data was submitted, the number of kelp counted in the quadrat, the number of photos of the quadrat and a link to an image file. """ ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "data-export-2026_07_09__15_06_53.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 65613.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This is a ZIP file containing five CSVs: documents_view, observations_matrix, questions_view, samples_view.\r *__Documents_view__: A list of the image files that show survey locations and their associated sample ID and file name.\r *__Observations_matrix__: the number of observations per survey (sample_ID).\r *__Questions_view__: Contains the name of the survey location.\r *__Samples_view__: For each quadrat (sample) surveyed, there is the following information: sample_start_datetime, sample_end_datetime, submission_datetime, first_name last_name, sample_observers_number, sample_location_latitude, sample_location_longitude, sample_location_region, verification_completion_status\r *__Taxon_view__*: Contains the sample IDs for each individual quadrat, along when the data was submitted, the number of kelp counted in the quadrat, the number of photos of the quadrat and a link to an image file. """ ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "data-export-2026_03_23__12_22_39.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 58780.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Former Aberystwyth Microfossil Collection" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Atlas of Living Malaysia specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Atlas of Living Malaysia specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """Specimens in the William Bartram Herbarium. To access, click on the ‘Go to resource’ button below. You can access the collection in three ways. The table view displays the collection in table format; the list view shows the data accompanying each specimen, together with a thumbnail of the image of the specimen sheet; gallery view allows you to browse the images and access the dataset in that way.\r \r Images carry a CC-BY licence and can be downloaded at full resolution. For details regarding terms and conditions of reuse, please see: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/terms-conditions""" ; dc1:title "Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Details of additional labels attached to specimens in the Dale Herbarium recording collector, location and or date, in addition to the label data captured in the main dataset. " ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Additional labels" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1322.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Catalogue records of specimens from the Herbarium of Samuel Dale M.D. (1659-1739), presented by the Society of Apothecaries, 1862." ; dc1:title "Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Former British Petroleum microfossil collection data" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "This resource contains candidate original material for names yet to be typified." ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Original Material" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 225459.0 ; dcat:mediaType "text/csv" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Contains an introduction to the project and its historical perspective, methodological notes and a list of publications resulting from the dataset." ; dc1:format "PDF" ; dc1:title "Supplementary information" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 251735.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/pdf" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """### The Linnaean Database\r \r This page contains a searchable database containing typification details for all Linnaean plant names. For each binomial, we provide the place of publication, stated provenance, the type specimen (or illustration) and a reference to where the type choice was published, and an indication of the current name of the taxon within which Linnaeus' original binomial now falls (binomial and family names). Where relevant, detailed notes are provided (initially for the generitypes and the families Asteraceae and part of the Fabaceae). In particular, these notes aim to account for published observations that may fall short of formal typification. Detailed notes are being prepared and will be added to the database records as they are completed. Consequently, their absence from a given record does not necessarily mean that additional relevant literature has been overlooked. While these online records reflect our current knowledge, the typifications listed here are subject to continuous revision, not least because priority of choice (Art. 9.17) governs any decision. Consequently, the discovery of an earlier choice of type will lead to the displacement of the typification currently accepted here. While the Project has conducted (and continues to conduct) an extensive literature review, it is inevitable that significant contributions have either been overlooked or not yet taken into consideration. We would therefore be most grateful to learn of literature containing typifications of which we appear to have been unaware in reaching our current conclusions.\r \r Where available, we provide an image of the type material, in the form of a small thumbnail linked to a full-size image. Approximately 50% of the types are accompanied by images, principally from the Clayton, Clifford and Hermann herbaria at BM. However, we are most grateful to the Linnean Society of London for their permission to display images of those types that are housed in LINN. We also hope to be able add images of type collections from other herbaria, as well as illustrations, in due course.\r \r Please note: The 'Images' field in the full view of the dataset is a utility field to facilitate display of images on the NHM Data Portal: it just contains a semicolon delimited list of all the direct image URLs found elsewhere in the record. """ ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Linnaean Plant Names" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 4011364.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Museum artefacts" ; dc1:format "CSV" ; dc1:title "Artefacts" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """This data is made available under a CC-BY-NC-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). By downloading this data, you agree to be bound by these terms.\r \r This directory contains BII v2.1.1 data. The data download is a .zip file of global rasters (.tif) at approximately 10km resolution at the equator, for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. BII rasters are values between zero and 100%, indicating the intactness of the ecosystem: zero meaning completely degraded and 100% being completely intact. The .zip file also includes a README with metadata for the spatial rasters, and a LICENSE file.\r \r This dataset was developed using methodology described here: \r De Palma, A., Contu, S., Thomas, G. E., Duffin, C., Nix, S., & Purvis, A. (2024). The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) developed by the Natural History Museum: Methodology (v2.1.1). https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/bii-developed-by-nhm-v2-1-1-methodology\r \r © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London 2024. Some Rights Reserved.""" ; dc1:format "ZIP" ; dc1:title "The Biodiversity Intactness Index developed by The Natural History Museum, London, v2.1.1 (Open Access, Limited Release)" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 45890222.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-12-298.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1747533663.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-11-297.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2867434361.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-22-348.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2737297279.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-14-300.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2579734118.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-17-332.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1537917092.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-20-334.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3867213820.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-15-317.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1703908809.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-19-333.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3618220088.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-9-296.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1775243367.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-8-280.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2356300095.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-16-323.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2471670058.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-5-253.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2961188095.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-7-280.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2787460556.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-3-241.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 7710527077.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-6-272.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 29496322172.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-2-218.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 1475884698.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-1-157.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2176577231.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-4-241.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 9960846693.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-10-296.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2867434361.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-21-335.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 3846520079.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:title "Station-18-332.zip" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 2046321363.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/zip" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the Aphidoidea Slide Collection specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "Aphidoidea Slide Collection Specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the World Brassicales specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "World Brassicales specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Link to the European Brassicales specimen records from the NHM catalogue, published as part of the wider NHM collection dataset." ; dc1:title "European Brassicales specimens" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Excel file of UK Peatland species functional traits. " ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "uk-peatland-species-traits.xlsx" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 234540.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description "Data used in Figure 1 (a & b) of Sanchez-Ortiz et al. (2019) (bioRxiv)." ; dc1:title "Global maps of Biodiversity Intactness from Sanchez-Ortiz et al. (2019) (bioRxiv)" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16589\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/838336aa-9e36-428a-b354-19db88126ec8\r \r **Taxon**: _Megatherium americanum_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of the cranium (posterior part of right zygomatic arch)\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (between 126,000 and 8,000 years old)\r \r **Collection**: Collected between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This is a fragment of the right cheek bone. It was first attributed to Charles Darwin in the Royal College of Surgeons 1845 catalogue.\r \r [What is _Megatherium_?](http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.html)""" ; dc1:title "Megatherium americanum - skull fragment" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 102046a\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d6d24f51-cf94-4380-96c9-1505e7ec74fb\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon platensis_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of lower jaw (with matrix) with fragment of the enamel from the last molar tooth (right m3)\r \r **Site**: Based on preservation, this probably came from Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Probably found between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen has been associated with the other Darwin specimens in the collection since at least 1884 and is probably part of Darwin’s collection. This is almost certainly from the same tooth as [NHMUK PV M 102046b](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/2bac8e07-9eda-4f4f-ad33-77663e585e24).\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon platensis - fragment of lower jaw" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """ **Specimen number:** PV M 16558 b **Specimen link:** https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/bb67eb63-c766-4545-9a1e-42ce885cfef6 **Taxon:** _Equus neogeus_ **Description:** Upper molar tooth in 2 parts **Site:** Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina **Age:** Late Pleistocene (between 129,000 and 11,700 years old) **Collection:** Collected in 1832 or 1833 by Charles Darwin **Comments:** Darwin and his servant, Syms Covington, spent many hours collecting fossils and matrix at Puta Alta in 1832 and 1833. The material they collected was shipped back to England and prepared at the Royal College of Surgeons. It was whilst preparing the collected rocks that this horse tooth was found embedded in the gravel matrix. _…it [the specimen] was embedded in the quartz shingle, formed of pebbles strongly cemented together with calcareous matter, which adhered as closely to the tooth in question, as the corresponding matrix did to the associated fossil remains. The tooth was as completely fossilized as the remains of the Mylodon, Megatherium, and Scelidothere; and was so far decomposed, that in the attempt to detach the adherent matrix, it became partially resolved into its component curved lamellae._ **-- _Owen, R. 1838-1840._ Part I. Fossil Mammalia. In Darwin, C. R. (ed.), The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832-1836. Smith Elder and Co., London. Pages 108-109*.** This specimen is one of two fossil horse teeth found by Darwin on his voyage and belong to the extinct species, _Equus neogeus_, which was widespread in South America during the Late Pleistocene. """ ; dc1:title "Equus neogeus – tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number:** PV M 16557\r \r **Specimen link:** https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/f4474348-cb44-4063-9cf8-315835dfd922\r \r **Taxon:** _Mylodon darwinii_\r \r **Description:** Cast of part of lower jaw\r \r **Site:** The original specimen was collected at Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age:** The original specimen was Late Pleistocene in age (between 129,000 and 11,700 years old)\r \r **Collection:** The original specimen was collected in September to October 1832 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments:** This is a cast of the holotype mandible of _Mylodon darwinii_ (PV M 16563) and was made at the Royal College of Surgeons. It is not clear when the cast was made, but probably on or before 1887 (when it was entered into the accession register). The cast is of the right side of the original specimen and shows the original prior to some damage to the back of jaw.\r """ ; dc1:title "Mylodon darwinii – cast of part of lower jaw" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16563a\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/e37e3be9-33a2-4ad8-882c-175630bfbb92\r \r **Taxon**: _Mylodon darwinii_\r \r **Description**: Lower jaw showing four molariform teeth on both right and left sides\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene (between 126,000 and 11,700 years old)\r \r **Collection**: Collected September to October 1832 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments**: In September-October 1832, Darwin spent many days excavating fossils from a beach deposit at Punta Alta in Argentina. \r \r _…We staid sometime on Punta Alta about 10 miles from the ship; here I found some rocks.— These are the first I have seen, & are very interesting from containing numerous shells & the bones of large animals..._\r \r *** -- Keynes, R. D. 2001. Charles Darwin’s Beagle Diary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Page 106. ***\r \r _…I have been very lucky with fossil bones; I have fragments of at least 6 distinct animals; as many of them are teeth I trust, shattered & rolled as they have been, they will be recognised. I have paid all the attention, I am capable of, to their geological site… 3d The lower jaw of some large animal, which from the molar teeth, I should think belonged to the Edentata…_\r \r *** -- Darwin, C. R. 24/11/1832. Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 192” http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-192 ***\r \r The final sentence (above) probably refers to this lower jaw specimen and shows that Darwin identified it as belonging to the group containing sloths. Edentata is an obsolete term which was used for grouping sloths, armadillos, anteaters, pangolins and aardvarks together. However, the latter two are no longer considered closely related to the others and so the term is no longer used.\r """ ; dc1:title "Mylodon darwinii - lower jaw" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 100017\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/dc4d2254-9ba1-4d30-b3af-b888f2b36434\r \r **Taxon**: _Diprotodon optatum_\r \r **Description**: Left upper first incisor (I1)\r \r **Site**: Australia\r \r **Age**: Pleistocene i.e., between 2.6 million years old and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Unknown (before 1884)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen was listed as an incisor (front tooth) of _Toxodon platensis_ in the 1884 Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) catalogue and retained that identification until 2018 when Jerry Hooker and Pip Brewer from the Natural History Museum reassigned it. Presumably this specimen was located with other Darwin specimens (possibly to compare it with) at the RCS when the catalogue was being made and the specimen was incorrectly assumed to have been collected by Darwin. \r \r Like _Toxodon_ teeth, this tooth was hypselodont (also called euhypsodont), which means that unlike human teeth, it continued to grow throughout the life of the animal. This is an adaptation to high rates of tooth wear and is seen in other herbivorous (plant eating) mammals such as rabbits.\r \r _Diprotodon optatum_ was the largest Australian marsupial ('pouched' mammal) to have lived. It would have stood up to 2 m high at the shoulder and was up to 3 m in length. It was the first fossil mammal from Australia to have been described by Richard Owen, who also described and named the other fossil mammal specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Diprotodon optatum - Left upper first incisor" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number:** NHMUK PV M 82206\r \r **Specimen links:**\r \r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/abbd1909-5df8-4b71-8123-7fb55f48c906\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/2b139c6c-ec6f-4862-913a-6711a14bff35\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/e8d47831-948a-4301-a99c-7c271fb2faa6\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/95149f7d-40c6-4d8b-a567-26a10596d698\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/14c9d268-7ca1-43f8-8d1e-9dcde99df968\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/18a8e868-fba6-4a69-a23f-c66a2e541658\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/1cdf097b-9ac7-4dc0-88ce-0de1e0d41ea1\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/7bd52697-6604-4cb9-8947-1434460162a9\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/2632d477-8de7-44ba-96ba-9445711c7555\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/a4aada80-d53e-4150-8f97-c2612a9920ca\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/8593ee87-93c3-4bb0-b29e-834ebbc1db98\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/4d6cd810-71ba-4f0a-b207-578ac9c73579\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/355243af-8e03-4db0-89aa-4c15b6143908\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/363a693a-a92b-408e-8edd-c57b371707d4\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/4183f993-8148-4972-9fde-04c1df567fcd\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/95f29b03-7d7f-4e3b-84bb-39d76c1e1406\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/062885b8-4cd0-44c4-8f73-e7d9327cb399\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/32fa7ca0-5656-4795-a514-5b59565aa057\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/461dbc0c-b817-4cf0-8dfc-26ae14c743a7\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/4a589b39-1a2f-49f6-a4ea-c3a1125abc95\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/14b63a19-88d2-4500-96ff-32a2d9b08873\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/1fbc6606-41dd-43f9-b418-302c58725481\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/50072cb4-6c86-4090-914d-632f44c3b070\r \r **Taxon:** _Scelidotherium leptocephalum_\r \r **Description:** Partial skeleton (including casts of original specimens which no longer exist)\r \r **Site:** Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age:** Late Pleistocene (between 129,000 and 11,700 years old)\r \r **Collection:** Collected on 1st September 1833 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments:** This partial skeleton was found embedded in a block of sandstone which had come loose from the cliff. Parts of the skeleton were still preserved in life position and Darwin speculated that much of the soft tissue must have been present when the animal was buried. Darwin was particularly interested to see that the shells adhering to the block were the same species he had observed currently living in that same bay. This impressed upon Darwin that the bones themselves were relatively recent in age. We now know that this animal became extinct less than 12,000 years ago. The skeleton was a completely new species of ground sloth, called _Scelidotherium leptocephalum_.\r \r _In the case of the Scelidotherium, it is quite certain that the whole skeleton was held together by its ligaments, when deposited in the gravel in which I found it._\r \r **-- Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. Smith Elder and Co, London. Page 85.**\r \r _… the most perfect skeleton … must have been washed entire to near the place where found. & therefore a very modern animal coeval with present shells … the different parts of skeleton were going nearly in their proper part of position … & the whole mass broke from some part of the cliff or bed & left where it now stands_\r \r **-- Darwin, C. 1833. Geological Diary. Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker, edited by John van Wyhe (_Darwin Online_, ). Bahia Blanca. (appendix) (1833) CUL-DAR32.74. **\r \r \r The video shows casts of the skeleton made prior to its preparation from matrix superimposed on a drawing of the skeleton from the publication first describing it (Owen 1838-1840). The casts then move into anatomical position and the original bones of the skeleton which survived the WWII bombing are shown in pink. Finally, a reconstruction of the animal as it would have been in life is revealed.\r """ ; dc1:title "Scelidotherium leptocephalum – partial skeleton" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number:** PV M 16557\r \r **Specimen link:** https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d99da87a-a531-4333-b244-2c348fa2ec39\r \r **Taxon:** _Mylodon darwinii_\r \r **Description:** Cast of part of lower jaw\r \r **Site:** The original specimen was collected at Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age:** The original specimen was Late Pleistocene in age (between 129,000 and 11,700 years old)\r \r **Collection:** The original specimen was collected in September to October 1832 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments:** This is a cast of the holotype mandible of _Mylodon darwinii_ (PV M 16563) and was made at the Royal College of Surgeons. It is not clear when the cast was made, but probably on or before 1887 (when it was entered into the accession register). The cast is of the right side of the original specimen and shows the original prior to some damage to the back of jaw.""" ; dc1:title "Equus neogeus – tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 102046b\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/84aea512-fb87-405b-9140-29226097db0c\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon platensis_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of a molar tooth from the lower jaw (lingual enamel of right lower m3)\r \r **Site**: Based on preservation, this probably came from Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Probably found between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen has been associated with the other Darwin specimens in the collection since at least 1884 and is probably part of Darwin’s collection. This is almost certainly from the same tooth as [NHMUK PV M 102046a](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/0546a107-71f4-42d2-85d8-74b8185cb642).\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon platensis - fragment of a molar tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 100016\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/34d2e921-01b5-40b7-8762-4269fac3c63d\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon platensis_\r \r **Description**: Mostly complete left upper molar tooth (M3) in two fragments\r \r **Site**: Cliff section, Arroyo Tapas, near Bajada Grande, Paraná city, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Between 29,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Found on 10th October 1833 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments**: This broken tooth was fragile at the time it was recovered by Charles Darwin, now it is even more so. The specimen is in two parts and cannot be handled without great risk of further damage. By scanning the fragments we are able to digitally reconstruct the tooth without risk to the specimen. _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.\r \r _At the A. Tapas, which enters the Conchitas, 2 miles from the town, I visited some broken cliffs, where a few years previously bones & part of the (Megatherium) case had been found…In every part however of the cliffs, on the borders of the streamlets, there are very numerous fragments of bones…They were however so very soft & decomposed I could scarcely extract even so small a fragment._\r \r *** -- Darwin, Charles, R. 1832-1836. Geological Diary. Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker, edited by John van Wyhe (Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/).***""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon platensis - left upper molar tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16568\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/a70b33cc-d827-4b3f-b411-94bba23e0801\r \r **Taxon**: Unknown\r \r **Description**: Fragment of tooth\r \r **Site**: Unknown\r \r **Age**: Unknown\r \r **Collection**: Unknown\r \r **Comments**: This specimen was physically associated with the other Darwin specimens in the collection. Where did it come from? Is/was it part of a Darwin specimen or has it been wrongly associated over time? """ ; dc1:title "Unknown - fragment of tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:format "XLSX" ; dc1:title "Darwin Fossils Spreadsheet" ; dcat:accessURL ; dcat:byteSize 35522.0 ; dcat:mediaType "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet" . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16588\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/c991662b-55b2-4674-897f-34ff095d4859\r \r **Taxon**: _Megatherium americanum_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of the right maxilla with the 2nd and 3rd molariforms\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (between 126,000 and 8,000 years old)\r \r **Collection**: Collected between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen has been cut in two at some point in the past to produce a horizontal section of the teeth. It is not clear when the section was made, although the section is mentioned in the Royal College of Surgeons 1884 catalogue. This 3D model is a combination of both parts of the specimen and has been digitally reconstructed. Rock matrix still partially encases the specimen and is typical of other specimens from this site.\r \r [What is _Megatherium_?](http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.html)""" ; dc1:title "Megatherium americanum - skull fragment with teeth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number:** NHMUK PV M 16587a and NHMUK PV M 16587b\r \r **Specimen link:**\r - https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/0c356087-e2c1-44a6-b4fd-9f3d24787e1a\r - https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d639dd90-e386-4d7c-9e41-f14aefaf0562\r \r **Taxon:** _Mylodon darwinii_\r \r **Description:** Fragment of lower jaw with a section showing the teeth\r \r **Site:** Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age:** Late Pleistocene (between 129,000 and 11,700 years old)\r \r **Collection:** Collected in 1832 or 1833 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments:** This specimen was not described by Richard Owen at the same time of the holotype mandible (PV M 16563); however, it was included in the 1845 catalogue of specimens in the Royal College of Surgeons (where it was kept until it was donated to this museum in 1947). It is possible that this jaw was still encased in matrix at the time of the original publication. Much of the original gravel matrix is still present on the specimen.\r """ ; dc1:title "Mylodon darwinii – lower jaw fragment (in two pieces)" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 102042\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/b0c35e23-66d4-46b7-8722-458d572216c4\r \r **Taxon**: Unknown but probably _Toxodon_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of lower jaw with matrix attached\r \r **Site**: Based on preservation, this probably came from Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Probably found between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen was associated in the collection with one of the lower jaws of _Toxodon_ found at Punta Alta (specimen number [NHMUK PV M 16566](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/f53623fc-0b45-41be-b65b-df4d24a59f3a)) and the preservation is very similar. It is possible it is part of the same specimen as the lower jaw, although there is no obvious join between the two.\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Likely Toxodon - fragment of lower jaw" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16588b\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/c991662b-55b2-4674-897f-34ff095d4859\r \r **Taxon**: _Megatherium americanum_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of the right maxilla with the 2nd and 3rd molariforms\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (between 126,000 and 8,000 years old)\r \r **Collection**: Collected between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen has been cut in two at some point in the past to produce a horizontal section of the teeth. It is not clear when the section was made, although the section is mentioned in the Royal College of Surgeons 1884 catalogue. The other section is catalogued at [NHMUK PV M 16588a](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/ee6cb27e-e8ac-44dd-af5d-91b773dde529). Rock matrix still partially encases the specimen and is typical of other specimens from this site.\r \r [What is _Megatherium_?](http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.html)""" ; dc1:title "Megatherium americanum - skull fragment with teeth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number:** PV M 16586\r \r **Specimen link:** https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/3e81c21f-721c-47a8-94c6-9bba0e493d36\r \r **Taxon:** _Glossotherium robustum_\r \r **Description:** Fragment from back of skull\r \r **Site:** Probably found in “valley of the Sarandis”, south of Mercedes, Uruguay\r \r **Age:** Approximately 12,700 years old\r \r **Collection:** Acquired by Charles Darwin on 26/11/1833\r \r **Comments:** This back part of the skull is from an extinct giant ground sloth called _Glossotherium_. _Glossotherium_ means tongue-beast as Richard Owen, who first described the specimen, reconstructed it as having a long tongue. Owen noticed some similarities between this specimen and the skulls of other ant-eating mammals such as pangolins and speculated that _Glossotherium_ must have had a similar diet. It is now accepted that _Glossotherium_ primarily ate vegetation, including grasses.\r \r It is not clear whether Darwin acquired this specimen at the same time as the iconic _Toxodon_ skull (NHMUK PV M 16560) from an Estancia or whether he visited a stream bed and found it himself. Excitingly Darwin noticed how well the specimen was preserved.\r \r _NOVEMBER 26TH.—I set out on my return in a direct line for Monte Video. Having heard of some giant's bones at a neighbouring farm-house on the Sarandis … The people at the farm-house told me that the remains were exposed, by a flood having washed down part of a bank of earth. Near the Toxodon I found the fragments of the head of an animal... The head of this animal … appear so fresh, that it is difficult to believe they have lain buried for ages under ground. The bone contains so much animal matter, that when heated in the flame of a spirit-lamp, it not only exhales a very strong animal odour, but likewise burns with a slight flame._\r \r **-- _Darwin, C. 1839._ Narratives of the surveying voyages of His Majesty’s ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America and the Beagle’s circumnavigation of the globe. In three volumes. Colburn, London. Short title: Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle. [1st ed.]. Volume III. Journal and remarks 1832-1836. Pages 180-182.**\r \r In fact there was enough protein (“animal matter”) preserved that we were able to radiocarbon date this specimen nearly 200 years after its discovery. By using a small portion of the bone which had broken away, we were able to determine that this animal died around 12,700 years ago. This is very close to the date when this animal went extinct (probably around 12,000 years ago).\r """ ; dc1:title "Glossotherium – back of skull" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16564\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/8616654e-ebcb-4007-9f69-d2b9df49dbc3\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of left side of lower jaw with 5 cheek teeth (partial p2-3 and m1-3)\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: September or October 1832 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: When describing this jaw in 1838-1840, Richard Owen was unsure whether to allocate this to the same species as the cranium found in Uruguay (specimen number [NHMUK PV M 16560](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/dadf577f-fa52-4f48-8cdb-d11c98448009)). He assumed that this jaw fragment was from the same animal as a fragment from the right side of the jaw found at the same site (specimen number [NHMUK PV M 16566](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/f53623fc-0b45-41be-b65b-df4d24a59f3a)). It is not clear whether this decision was based on the circumstances of its discovery (e.g., information passed on from Darwin) or whether it was based on the similarity in size of the two specimens.\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon - left side of lower jaw - fragment" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 102041\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/927e02a7-b707-4617-926b-36609468a3c7\r \r **Taxon**: Unknown but probably _Toxodon_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of lower jaw with matrix attached\r \r **Site**: Based on preservation, this probably came from Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Probably found between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen was associated in the collection with one of the lower jaws of _Toxodon_ found at Punta Alta (specimen number [NHMUK PV M 16566](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/f53623fc-0b45-41be-b65b-df4d24a59f3a)) and the preservation is very similar. It is possible it is part of the same specimen as the lower jaw, although there is no obvious join between the two.\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Likely Toxodon - lower jaw fragment" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 102043\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/3d3ca85d-db0e-46e1-b14b-c1b99f3011b7\r \r **Taxon**: Unknown\r \r **Description**: Fragment of two teeth in jaw with matrix\r \r **Site**: Based on preservation, this probably came from Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Probably found between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen has been associated with the other Darwin specimens in the collection since at least 1884 and is probably part of Darwin’s collection. The preservation is very similar to other specimens from Punta Alta, particularly the lower jaw of _Toxodon_ (specimen number [NHMUK PV M 16566](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/f53623fc-0b45-41be-b65b-df4d24a59f3a)). \r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Unknown - fragment of two teeth in jaw with matrix" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 102047\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/1e77458e-cd16-47ef-a253-51f73db1fae1\r \r **Taxon**: Unknown\r \r **Description**: Fragment of bone (probably the lower jaw)\r \r **Site**: Unknown\r \r **Age**: Unknown\r \r **Collection**: Unknown\r \r **Comments**: This specimen has been associated with the other Darwin specimens in the collection since at least 1884 and is probably part of Darwin’s collection. It may belong with the partial lower molar tooth of _Toxodon_ from Punta Alta ([NHMUK PV M 102042](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/80c5c66b-bf6d-40cb-b591-cb7044957213)).\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Unknown - fragment of bone" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: RCSHM/CO 3443 and ENGH: 88202309\r \r **Specimen Link**: [RCSHM/CO 3443](http://surgicat.rcseng.ac.uk/Details/collect/6095)\r \r **Taxon**: _Megatherium americanum_\r \r **Description**: Partial cranium with five molariforms preserved on right and left sides. The specimen has been sectioned horizontally on the left side, and vertically on the right side. Two fragments remain and are part of the collections at the Royal College of Surgeons (RCSHM/CO 3443) and Down House, property of English Heritage (ENGH: 88202309). This is a digital reconstruction of both fragments together.\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (between 126,000 and 8,000 years old)\r \r **Collection**: Collected on 23rd September 1832 by Charles Darwin \r \r **Comments**: This specimen was found at Punta Alta, where the majority of the fossil mammal specimens collected by Darwin were found. The site is now buried underneath Puerto Belgrano naval base. On his second day at Punta Alta, whilst searching for fossils, Darwin notes:\r \r _Sunday 23rd … I walked on to Punta alta to look after fossils; & to my great joy I found the head of some large animal, imbedded in a soft rock. - It took me nearly 3 hours to get it out: As far as I am able to judge, it is allied to the Rhinoceros. - I did not get it on board till some hours after it was dark._\r \r *** --Keynes, R. D. 1988. Charles Darwin’s Beagle Diary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Page 107.***\r \r After it was sent to the Royal College of Surgeons, this partial skull was sectioned horizontally and vertically. The main section forms part of the collection at the Royal College of Surgeons. The vertical section (showing the teeth on the right side of the skull) now forms part of the collection at Down House (English Heritage), Darwin’s former home. The horizontal section no longer exists. The 3D model is a digital reconstruction of the two existing parts together.\r \r By sectioning the specimen, it was possible to clearly see the number of teeth in the jaw, their shape and structure and to make thin sections of them. It was through doing this that Richard Owen, who described the specimens, was able to determine that _M. americanum_ actually had 5 teeth in its upper jaw, not 4 as had previously been described. He was also able to show that its teeth had no enamel on them, unlike our own teeth and that they were able to form sharp cutting ridges. These blades were formed as a result of the presence of two different types of dentine and cementum. This is now known to be characteristic of sloth teeth. He also determined that the teeth of _M. americanum_ were ever-growing, i.e., the teeth continued to grow throughout the life of the individual and never formed distinct roots. This contrasts with human teeth which cease to grow once the roots have formed.\r \r _Upon clearing away the matrix from the palatal and alveolar surface of one of the cranial fragments of the Megatherium in Mr Darwin's collection, I was gratified by the detection of the crown of a fifth molar, corresponding in size and form with the detached tooth, above alluded to: its small size, and its position have doubtless occasioned its being over-looked in the cranium of the great skeleton at Madrid._\r \r *** --Owen, R. 1838-1840. Part I. Fossil Mammalia. In Darwin, C. R. (ed.), The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832-1836. Smith Elder and Co., London. Page 102.***\r \r [What is _Megatherium_?](http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.html)""" ; dc1:title "Megatherium americanum - skull fragment with teeth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number:** NHMUK PV M 43402\r \r **Specimen links:**\r \r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/dc5b76fd-2304-440d-8562-c347e715eeb8\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/9b996ae2-dc1c-499a-a017-b3f1ce68c02c\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/7fdcc678-c533-4e75-b02d-649930700850\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/9c5ac9ec-f334-459a-8612-a921a089cbf0\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/33bd9bd0-9f23-4bef-b719-4d3a2b074757\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/7211f79b-5704-4a3e-a8f6-68242b6a0d1c\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d234191a-d023-4b31-a1d9-ffc4755231c2\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/4d77eb53-3e7e-4d8d-9844-0cbe6af35e77\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/154962c1-72f5-40f6-802e-8dfd4dfa417f\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5302866a-8bec-40e5-b58e-16f9023c795c\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/137bc21c-ee97-48a8-8218-7bad9022dfff\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/0a58e724-820f-4123-a354-61aec755f030\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/8a5fe70b-8e57-4a43-865f-8689fcf151a1\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d39d95ca-d954-4390-8ce0-15e6afcdde29\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/ad8e802e-306a-4f02-b8ef-27584dece183\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/934651ce-9f61-4299-8399-4f6f937c0281\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/e80cbdd7-ea5f-466f-8a3f-124b5ca4d617\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/33a8248a-d334-4db1-bdbb-48c6cc2022ad\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/371975a2-4881-4f8b-893a-ac5602e2969b\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/da242277-377b-41fc-bbe9-622e2404be20\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/15cc3c94-14f0-478c-93cf-a1a5ef9854a9\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/b2113532-aa0c-4e78-ab3f-ed734e93c70e\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/e11877eb-1661-4eeb-bb36-67e5774fa826\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/79254584-119a-4769-8956-4b72dbd73de8\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/04294e01-1f8a-4676-9f19-808a404692e6\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/76d6dfdd-8157-4f61-976b-2b9c6354e037\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/bc047a23-f4c0-4a1a-aa50-68f9d6968317\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/74c86c82-75f9-4af2-8963-a3f3a95eb861\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/bfdc07ec-4cce-4320-9159-4104333e17c9\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/f6c693df-11df-4d13-a5dc-1cee4bff3bd2\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/f400bf7e-c35a-4d44-aeff-dea56ad92165\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/51c38773-5348-4d78-bcef-f47d95eca439\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/51c38773-5348-4d78-bcef-f47d95eca439\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/45cbb129-946f-43e8-85b5-11767171cb6c\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/c4cba450-d125-434c-80c2-0ca49d081f47\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/e66756c6-d654-4b90-9f42-1f6fadea290e\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/7a8942cb-5c8e-4359-a1d2-0174f160aa27\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/7a8942cb-5c8e-4359-a1d2-0174f160aa27\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/3b5bf52f-1f39-4827-a92c-69c5fac55eeb\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/4b9187aa-96fd-40c1-84c9-b7b58a85c15d\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/048b473e-4de3-4117-90b2-df7939312902\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/4831b44a-25fc-4212-b888-35aafcd30f51\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/ca77f5eb-811d-4cee-b185-e73cc5b41094\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/079cfda4-5f2e-4854-acb7-667d64c1c170\r * https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/160a01df-dfad-4d23-8611-9ae1932d107e\r \r **Taxon:** _Macrauchenia patachonica_\r \r **Description:** Partial skeleton\r \r **Site:** Puerto San Julián, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina\r \r **Age:** Approximately middle Pleistocene to early Holocene (between 1.5 million and 10,000 years old)\r \r **Collection:** Collected on 10th to 18th January 1834 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments:** _Macrauchenia_ is a member of an extinct group of mammals called litopterns and this partial skeleton were the first described remains of this group. Richard Owen, who named this animal, was impressed by the similarity of the neck vertebrae to that of modern camelids, which _Macrauchenia_ resembled. However, its ankle bone and feet told a very different story. We now know that litopterns were more closely related to horses, rhinos and tapirs than to camelids.\r _At Port St Julian I found some very perfect bones of some large animal, I fancy a Mastodon: the bones of one hind extremity are very perfect and solid._\r **-- Darwin, C. R. 03/1834. Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 238,” accessed on 4 August 2021, **\r _A large extinct Mammiferous Animal, referrible to the Order Pachydermata; but with affinities to the Ruminantia, and especially to the Camelidae._\r **-- Owen, R. 1838-1840. Part I. Fossil Mammalia. In Darwin, C. R. (ed.), The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832-1836. Smith Elder and Co., London. Page 35.**\r \r \r The video shows the parts of the skeleton which were found by Charles Darwin in life position. A reconstruction of how the animal would have looked is then superimposed on the skeleton, with Darwin included for scale.""" ; dc1:title "Macrauchenia patachonica – partial skeleton" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16567\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/fb91b229-3fcd-4371-bce4-a79d864c4137\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon_\r \r **Description**: Left upper incisor or front tooth (I2). Owen originally identified this a lower incisor.\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Found in either September to October 1832 or August to September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: When describing this tooth in 1838-1840, Richard Owen was unsure whether to allocate this to the same species as the _Toxodon platensis_ cranium found in Uruguay (specimen number [NHMUK PV M 16560](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/dadf577f-fa52-4f48-8cdb-d11c98448009)), although he did think it belonged to the same species as the lower jaw ([NHMUK PV M 16566](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/f53623fc-0b45-41be-b65b-df4d24a59f3a)). The latter specimen was named _Toxodon darwinii_ (in honour of Charles Darwin) in 1866 by Herman Burmeister. _Toxodon darwinii_ probably represents the same species as _Toxodon platensis_.\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.\r \r _…a tusk which in its prismatic form, and in the disposition of the enamel, closely resembles that of the African boar; it is probable that it belonged to the same animal with the singular flat grinders._\r \r ***-- Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle. [1st ed.]. Darwin, C. 1839. Volume III. Journal and remarks 1832-1836. Page 96.***""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon - Left upper incisor or front tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16560\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/1e0080dd-19e6-4ba5-bc8b-0aca2205c817\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon platensis_\r \r **Description**: Nearly complete cranium (skull without the lower jaw) missing the teeth\r \r **Site**: Banks of the Sarandi, adjacent to an estancia by the name of La Virgen de los Dolores. The latter was owned by Englishman George Keen and was located on the Bequeló, a stream near Mercedes, Uruguay.\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Purchased on 26th November 1833 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments**: This is the holotype specimen of _Toxodon platensis_. When a new species is proposed, a specimen is chosen to represent that species. This specimen is called the type specimen or holotype. Types are important specimens and it is the responsibility of museums such as the Natural History Museum (London) to care for these types and make them available for scientific study.\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.\r \r _The Toxodon, perhaps one of the strangest animals, ever discovered: in size it equalled an elephant or megatherium [an extinct giant ground sloth], but the structure of its teeth, as Mr. Owen states, proves indisputably that it was intimately related to the Gnawers [rodents], the order which, at the present day, includes most of the smallest quadrupeds: in many details it is allied to the Pachydermata [an obsolete term referring to animals with thick skins such as elephants, rhinoceroses, and hippopotamuses]: judging from the position of its eyes, ears and nostrils, it was probably aquatic, like the Dugong and Manatee, to which it is also allied. How wonderfully are the different Orders, at the present time so well separated, blended together in different points of the structure of the Toxodon!_\r \r ***-- Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2nd edition. John Murray, London.***\r \r _The head was found embedded in whitish earthy clay on the banks of a small stream which enters the Rio Negro, and is situated 120 miles to the N.W. of Monte Video. The head had been kept for a short time in a neighbouring farm-house as a curiosity, but when I arrived it was lying in the yard. I bought it for the value of eighteen-pence. The people informed me that when first discovered, about two years previously, it was quite perfect, but that the boys had since knocked out the teeth and had put it on a post as a mark to throw stones at. They showed me the spot where it had been found after a sudden flood had washed down part of the bank. Several fragments of bone and of an armadillo-like case were lying at the bottom of the almost dry watercourse. Some of these I collected, but from the disturbed state of the country the box in which they were packed was delayed on the road, and was afterwards sent direct to England._\r \r ***-- Darwin, C. R. 1894. [Note on a Toxodon skull]. In R. Owen ed. The life of Richard Owen. London: John Murray, vol. 1, pp. 119-120. ***""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon platensis - cranium" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """ **Specimen number:** PV M 16558 a **Specimen link:** https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d509c00f-4404-4202-98d3-99d52cdbafc8 **Taxon:** _Equus neogeus_ **Description:** Upper molar tooth in 2 parts **Site:** Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina **Age:** Late Pleistocene (between 129,000 and 11,700 years old) **Collection:** Collected in 1832 or 1833 by Charles Darwin **Comments:** Darwin and his servant, Syms Covington, spent many hours collecting fossils and matrix at Puta Alta in 1832 and 1833. The material they collected was shipped back to England and prepared at the Royal College of Surgeons. It was whilst preparing the collected rocks that this horse tooth was found embedded in the gravel matrix. _…it [the specimen] was embedded in the quartz shingle, formed of pebbles strongly cemented together with calcareous matter, which adhered as closely to the tooth in question, as the corresponding matrix did to the associated fossil remains. The tooth was as completely fossilized as the remains of the Mylodon, Megatherium, and Scelidothere; and was so far decomposed, that in the attempt to detach the adherent matrix, it became partially resolved into its component curved lamellae._ **-- _Owen, R. 1838-1840._ Part I. Fossil Mammalia. In Darwin, C. R. (ed.), The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832-1836. Smith Elder and Co., London. Pages 108-109*.** This specimen is one of two fossil horse teeth found by Darwin on his voyage and belong to the extinct species, _Equus neogeus_, which was widespread in South America during the Late Pleistocene. """ ; dc1:title "Equus neogeus – tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16562\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/0b8391b7-4043-4b52-99d1-13ccbf943c6f\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon platensis_\r \r **Description**: Right upper molar tooth (M2)\r \r **Site**: On the banks of the Carcarañá, a few miles distant from the Paraná cliffs at estancia Grondona (north of Rosario), next to the Villa La Ribera-Rosario-Santa Fe road, Santa Fe province, Argentina.\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old; however, these specimens are probably around 65,000 to 30,000 years old\r \r **Collection**: Found on 1st October 1833 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments**: This specimen was important as it was an almost exact match for one of the tooth sockets on the skull collected by Darwin in Uruguay, which formed the type specimen for this species. Physical similarities between this tooth and the teeth of some rodents greatly influenced Darwin’s and Richard Owen’s thinking on what _Toxodon_ was related to. We now know that _Toxodon_ was not closely related to rodents at all.\r \r _Toxodon_ is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.\r \r _October 1st …I found a curious & large cutting tooth._\r \r ***-- Keynes, R. D. 1988. Charles Darwin’s Beagle Diary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Page 193.***\r \r _October 1st.- We started by moonlight and arrived at the Rio Tercero by sunrise…By good fortune, I discovered a tooth embedded in a layer of rock marl, which was afterwards found exactly to fit the socket in the head of a strange animal, the Toxodon..._\r \r ***-- Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle. [1st ed.]. Darwin, C. 1839. Volume III. Journal and remarks 1832-1836, p. 146.***\r \r _In ye R. Carcarana I got a tooth, which puzzles even my conjectures, it looks like an enormous gnawing one_\r \r ***-- Darwin, C. 1835. Extracts from letters addressed to Professor Henslow. Privately printed, Cambridge. Available via http://darwin-online.org.uk, p. 13. Letter to Henslow, 12.11.1833.***""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon platensis - right upper molar tooth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16588a\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/c991662b-55b2-4674-897f-34ff095d4859\r \r **Taxon**: _Megatherium americanum_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of the right maxilla with the 2nd and 3rd molariforms\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (between 126,000 and 8,000 years old)\r \r **Collection**: Collected between September and October 1832 or between August and September 1833 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: This specimen has been cut in two at some point in the past to produce a horizontal section of the teeth. It is not clear when the section was made, although the section is mentioned in the Royal College of Surgeons 1884 catalogue. The other section is catalogued at [NHMUK PV M 16588b](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/8c6636cd-3352-4569-a07c-088c325501d2). Rock matrix still partially encases the specimen and is typical of other specimens from this site.\r \r [What is _Megatherium_?](http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.html)""" ; dc1:title "Megatherium americanum - skull fragment with teeth" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16566\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/8f3f5253-4231-4dd2-a932-1a2330025293\r \r **Taxon**: _Toxodon_\r \r **Description**: Fragment of right side of the lower jaw with 5 cheek teeth (partial right p1-3 and left m1-2) and fragments of 5 anterior teeth or incisors (right i1-3 and left i1-2)\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene i.e., between 126,000 and 11,700 years old\r \r **Collection**: Probably found in September or October 1832 by Charles Darwin (specific date was not recorded)\r \r **Comments**: When describing this jaw in 1838-1840, Richard Owen was unsure whether to allocate this to the same species as the cranium found in Uruguay (specimen number [NHMUK PV M 16560](http://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/darwins-fossil-mammals/resource/dadf577f-fa52-4f48-8cdb-d11c98448009)). In 1866, Herman Burmeister gave it a new species name: _Toxodon darwinii_ with the species named after Charles Darwin, who found the specimen. _Toxodon darwinii_ probably represents the same species as _Toxodon platensis_. This is the only fossil mammal specimen with Darwin's original field number still attached.\r \r Toxodon is an extinct herbivorous (plant eating) mammal from South America. It is often reconstructed to look like a cross between a hippopotamus and a rhinoceros, although it is not closely related to either. It was first described by Richard Owen based on specimens collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle.""" ; dc1:title "Toxodon - right side of lower jaw - fragment" ; dcat:accessURL . a dcat:Distribution ; dc1:description """**Specimen number**: NHMUK PV M 16585\r \r **Specimen Link**: http://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/ff312b9e-bb63-438b-a86b-a5a5415037e1\r \r **Taxon**: _Megatherium americanum_\r \r **Description**: Back of cranium, showing foramen magnum (hole where spinal cord enters skull)\r \r **Site**: Punta Alta, Argentina\r \r **Age**: Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (between 126,000 and 8,000 years old)\r \r **Collection**: Collected September to October 1832 by Charles Darwin\r \r **Comments**: In September-October 1832, Darwin spent many days excavating fossils from a beach deposit at Punta Alta in Argentina. Here he found a posterior segment of the skull of _Megatherium_. This was the exact portion missing from the partial skeleton recently acquired by the Royal College of Surgeons (and only the second partial skeleton known). As William Clift, the conservator at the Royal College of Surgeons, was in the process of making casts of the skeleton of _M. americanum_ to put on display, this was very timely! The specimen arrived in England in 1833, where it was exhibited at the British Association.\r \r _The fossil portions of the Megatherium turned out to be extremely interesting as serving to illustrate certain parts of the animal which the specimens formerly received in this country and in France had failed to do._\r \r *** --Henslow, J. S. 31/08/1833. Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 213” http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/DCP-LETT-213***\r \r _…the most perfect part of which affords a view of the posterior, and of part of the basal surface, which regions of the cranium have not hitherto been elsewhere figured or described, (Pl. XXX.)_\r \r *** --Owen, R. 1838-1840 (Part I. Fossil Mammalia. In Darwin, C. R. (ed.), The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832-1836. Smith Elder and Co., London. Page 100.***\r \r Later, Richard Owen used Darwin’s specimen to reveal important aspects of the animal’s behaviour, showing that _Megatherium_ had considerable freedom of movement of its head, powered by substantial neck muscles, and probably also a large muscular tongue functioning like that of a giraffe. Although commonly depicted with a long protuberant tongue, its’ presence in _Megatherium_ has recently been questioned.\r \r On examining this specimen, Owen also concluded that _Megatherium_ had a particularly small brain.\r \r _…from the indications afforded by the remains of the cranial cavity in Mr. Darwin's specimens, I conclude that the brain of the Megatherium was more depressed, and upon the whole, smaller by nearly one-half than that of the Elephant…whence it may be concluded that the Megatherium was a creature of less intelligence, and with the command of fewer resources, or a less varied instinct than the Elephant._\r \r *** --Owen, R. 1838-1840. Part I. Fossil Mammalia. In Darwin, C. R. (ed.), The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832-1836. Smith Elder and Co., London. Page 102.***\r \r [What is _Megatherium_?](http://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-was-megatherium.html)""" ; dc1:title "Megatherium americanum - back of skull" ; dcat:accessURL . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Consuelo Sendino" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Chris Raper" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Adriana De-palma" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Edward Baker" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Louise Allan" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Peter Wing" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Giles Miller" ; vcard:hasEmail . a vcard:Person ; mads:hasAffiliation ; vcard:fn "Mark Carine" ; vcard:hasEmail . a aiiso:Institution, org1:Organization, foaf:Organization ; tdwgi:acronymOrCoden "NHMUK" ; tdwgi:institutionType ; = , ; foaf:name "Natural History Museum" .